Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurology > Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the spinal cord?

A 
30 pairs 
8 cervical 
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
5 sacral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by?

A

the spinal meninges
pia mater- thinnest layer
arachnoid mater
dura mater- sensitive to pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots that run inferiorly inside the spinal canal for 6 inches form the what?

A

Cauda Equina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Grey matter houses what?

A

cell bodies and dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

White matter houses what?

A

axons of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where are the sensory (afferent) nerves fibers located in the spinal cord?

A

The dorsal horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The lateral horn houses what cell bodies

A

the autonomic nerve system fibers
T1-L2
S2-S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The ventral horn houses what type of neurons?

A

motor neurons- that innervate muscles

also called lower motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does injury to the the spine at the L1 or L2 and below result in?

A

the show signs of lower motor neuron injuries
flaccid paralysis
atrophy
hyporeflexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T or F muscles that perform precise movements have more motor neurons than those that perform gross movements?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are the dorsal columns located and what do they sense?

Where do they cross over?

A

They are located in the dorsal white matter and they sense conscious proprioception, vibration, and two-point discrimination through skin, muscles, tendons, and joints
They cross over in the medulla oblongata.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Do the dorsal columns cross and convey the message to the contralateral somatosensory cortex?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the anterior spinothalamic tract?

Where does it cross?

A

sense pressure, texture, and light touch

It crosses in the spinal cord after 1-2 levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the lateral spinothalamic tract?

Where does it cross?

A

pain and temperature sensed by the skin and fat tissue

It crosses in the spinal cord after 1-2 levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

damage to anterolateral system causes what?

A

sensory changes on the contralateral side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellar tracts?

Do they cross?

A

unconscious proprioception to the cerebellum via the muscles and tendons. (also monitor activity of motor neurons)
These tracts are considered partially crossed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

MS is most likely to affect which tract?

A

the spinocerebellar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Are the descending tracts considered lower motor neurons?

A

no they are upper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the largest tracts in the human nervous system?

A

Corticospinal tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

control of voluntary movement (90 % of tract)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

If the left lateral corticospinal tract is injured what is the most likely outcome of symptoms?

A

ipsilateral paralysis or paresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of the anterior corticospinal tract?

A

voluntary motor, neck and shoulder muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Does the anterior corticospinal tract cross in the medulla?

A

Decussation is debatable

No it remains on the ipsilateral of the brainstem and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the reticulospinal tracts?

A

controls rhythmic gait pattern (most are ipsilateral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Damage to the reticulospinal tract impair what function?

A

impairs autonomic function, posture, and walking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Muscles used for balance and posture are apart of which tract?

A

vestibulospinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A positive Babinski sign in an adult indicates what?

A

an injury in the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How many arteries supply the spinal cord?

A

3
one anterior spinal artery (1/3)
and two posterior spinal arteries (2/3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How are patients classified as having a complete or incomplete spinal cord injury?

A

They test the lowest level nerve root (S5) sacral sparring indicates that some tracts are still in tact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do they reduce swelling after a spinal cord injury?

A

A medication called methylpredisone can reduce swelling and improve patient outcomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is spinal shock?

A

The first several weeks after an SCI there is loss of sensation, movement, reflexes, and bowel control.

32
Q

What is autonomic dysreflexia?

A

A life threatening condition in patients with an above level T5 spinal injury. Usually causes by a kinked catheter or full bladder.

33
Q

Where is the Dorsal Columns (Medial Lemniscus) located?

A

Posterior White Matter

34
Q

What is the function of Dorsal Columns (Medial Lemniscus) ?

A

Convey information regarding 2-point discrimination, vibration, conscious proprioception to primary sensory cortex.

Information regarding LE travels in the gracile fasciulus.

Information regarding UE travels in cuneate fasciulus.

Crosses in medulla oblongata

35
Q

What happens if there is an injury to the Dorsal Columns (Medial Lemniscus) ?

A

If unilateral lesion below the decussation—ipsilateral loss

If superior to decussaiton—contralateral loss

36
Q

What is the location of the anterior spinothalamic?

A

Anterior white matter

37
Q

What is the function of the anterior spinothalamic?

A

Convey information regarding pressure, texture, and light touch to somatosensory cortex.

38
Q

Where does the anterior spinothalamic decussate?

A

It ascends 1-2 levels before decussating.

39
Q

What happens to injury with the anterior spinothalamic?

A

Contralateral loss of pressure and touch sensation

40
Q

Where is the lateral spinothalamic located?

A

Lateral white matter

41
Q

What is the function of the lateral spinothalamic?

A

Convey information regarding pain and temperature to somatosensory cortex

42
Q

What happens to injury at the lateral spinothalamic?

A

Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation

43
Q

Where is the Spinocerebellar located?

A

Lateral white matter, anterior and posterior.

Input from muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ

44
Q

What is the function of the Spinocerebellar?

A

Convey information regarding unconscious proprioception to cerebellum

45
Q

What happens to injury at Spinocerebellar?

A

Partial loss of unconscious proprioception, lack of coordinated movement.

Often damaged by demyelinating diseases such as MS

46
Q

Spino-Olivary Tract

A

ascends to the cerebellum and relays information from cutaneous and proprioceptive organs (tendons and muscles)

47
Q

Spinoreticular tract

A

afferent pathway to the reticular formation that influences levels of consciousness.

Assists in immediate reaction to painful stimuli.

48
Q

Spinotectal tract

A

afferent pathway providing information for spinovisual reflexes and assists with movement of eyes towards a stimulus.

49
Q

Where is the Lateral Corticospinal Tract located?

A

Lateral white matter.

origin in cerebral cortex. becomes lateral corticospinal tract when fibers decussate in medulla at pyramids.

50
Q

Function of Lateral Corticospinal Tract?

A

Convey information to cause voluntary movement

51
Q

Injury to Lateral Corticospinal Tract

A

Unilateral lesion of the spinal cord below decussation

ipsilateral spastic paralysis

52
Q

Location of the Anterior Corticospinal Tract?

A

Anterior White matter

origin in cerebral cortex.

53
Q

Function of Anterior Corticospinal Tract

A

voluntary movement of the neck and shoulder girdle muscles

54
Q

Injury to Anterior Corticospinal Tract

A

Spastic paresis

55
Q

Location of Reticulospinal?

A

Anterior white matter

origin in brainstem. most fibers dont decussate

56
Q

Function of Reticulospinal

A

Facilitation and inhibition of voluntary and reflex activity for automatic posture and gait related movements.

Provide a pathway for which the hypothalamus can control sympathetic thoracolumbar outflow and parasympathetic sacral outflow

57
Q

Injury to the Reticulospinal

A

Impair autonomic function; impair posture and walking due to loss of control of limb flexors; hypertonicity and muscle spasm.

Hyperactive tendon reflexes and + Babinski

58
Q

Location of the Vestibulospinal

A

anterior white matter

origin in brainstem vestibular nuclei.

bilateral tracts

59
Q

Function of Vestibulospinal

A

Control proximal limb muscles (extensors) used for posture and gait

60
Q

Injury to Vestibulospinal

A

Loss of control of postural muscles, impaired balance (ataxia)

61
Q

Rubrospinal spinal tract

A

responsible for motor input of gross postural tone, facilitating activity of flexor muscles and inhibiting the activity of extensor muscles

62
Q

Tectospinal tract

A

responsible for contralateral postural tone associated with auditory/visual stimuli

63
Q

A lesion that occurs above level of injury will show

A

Normal sensation

Normal Movement

Normal Tone

64
Q

A lesion that occurs at level of injury will show

A

Lost sensation (due to dorsal horn destroyed)

Paralyzed movement (lower motor neuron destroyed)

Hypotonic tone (flaccid paralysis; damage of LMN)

65
Q

A lesion that occurs below level of injury will show

A

Lost sensation

Paralyzed movement

Hypertonic Tone

66
Q

C1-C4

A

Neck Muscles–Neck stability and mobility

Lost of neck stability

67
Q

C3-C5

A

Diaphragm–Breathing

Ventilator dependent

68
Q

C5-T1

A

Upper extremity–upper extremity movement

Tetraplegia

69
Q

T1-L5

A

Trunk muscles, intercostals, abdominal wall muscles–trunk stability and movement, accessory respiratory muscles

Loss of trunk stability, decreased respiratory function

70
Q

L2-S4

A

Lower extremity–lower extremity movement

Paraplegia

71
Q

S2-S4

A

Pelvic diaphragm, genitals–sphincter control, sexual function

neurogenic bladder/bowel–loss of sexual function

72
Q

Brown Sequard syndrome

A

-caused by gun shot wound or stabbing

  • ipsilateral flaccid paralysis of muscle at physical injury site
  • ipsilateral spastic paralysis below lesion site
  • ipsilateral sensory loss at site
  • ipsilateral loss of proprioception, vibration, 2 pt discrimination below lesion level
  • contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensations below level of lesion
73
Q

Central cord syndrome

A
  • due to damage to center of spinal cord
  • traumatic bending of cord in cervical region
  • flaccid paralysis of upper extremity muscles
  • upper extremity sensory loss
  • aka “reverse paralysis”

upper extremities are affected worse than lower

74
Q

Anterior cord syndrome

A
  • damage to the anterior part of spinal cord that spares posterior white matter
  • traumatic bending of the cord or spinal stenosis
  • conscious proprioception, vibration, and 2 pt discrimination touch sensations remain intact
  • other sensations and motor function lost
  • paralyzed below level of injury
75
Q

Cauda Equina syndrome

A
  • injury to dorsal and ventral roots
  • loss of sensation
  • flaccid paralysis
  • loss of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
  • loss of bowel and bladder control

Neurology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions