Ch 5 Cerebral Cortex Flashcards
Where is the premotor cortex located?
located anteriorly to the primary motor cortex
What is the brocha’s area in charge of?
Where is it located?
located in the left hemisphere (for most people) and it is responsible for speech and language.
Apraxia?
an impairment of voluntary learned movement
-inability to perform purposeful movement
Ataxia?
uncoordinated movement when voluntary movement is attempted
Damaged brocas area can cause what?
expressive aphasia
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
perception and process of sensation
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
visual perception
What is the function of the temporal lobe
emotion and memory
auditory perception
Smell
What are the 4 parts of the diencephalon?
Thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
- Controlling voluntary movement
2. Thinking/problem solving
Primary Motor Cortex location and function?
- located on precentral gyrus
- controls voluntary movements of contralateral side
- “homunculus”
Lesion in Primary Motor Cortex causes what?
Paralysis on contralateral side of body and muscles of facial expression on the bottom portion of the face
Regions of the Frontal Lobe (7)
- Primary Motor Cortex
- Premotor Cortex
- Supplementary Motor Area
- Broca’s Area
- Orbitofrontal Cortex
- Ventromedial Cortex
- Anterior Cingulate Gyrus
What does Premotor Cortex control?
-controls action of trunk and limb muscles
“Body Part Ownership”
Lesion in Premotor Cortex causes what?
unilateral neglect
Supplementary Motor Area location
medial to the premotor cortex
Supplementary Motor Area function
stores motor memories, directs activity of the primary motor cortex
Lesion in Supplementary Motor Area causes what?
Apraxia, motor planning deficit
Orbitofrontal Cortex
- contains areas for impulse control
- inhibition
Lesion in Orbitofrontal Cortex?
- unable to make/carry out realistic plans
- trouble with focus and organization
- trouble with impulse control
Ventromedial Frontal Cortex
- connects emotions with thought
- emotional meaning to life experiences
- Part of limbic system
Damage to Ventromedial Frontal cortex?
- flat emotion affect
underactive: depression
overactive: mania
Anterior Cingulate Gyrus
helps integrate thought, motivation, attention and behavior
-part of limbic system
Expressive aphasia
Patient understands speech but unable to produce speech to respond
Regions of the Parietal Lobe (4)
Somatosensory Cortex
Somatosensory Association Area
Parietotemporal Association Cortex
Angular Gyrus
Somatosensory Cortex is located?
-on the postcentral gyrus
What is the function of the somatosensory cortex?
-perception of pain, temperature, pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception etc
Somatosensory Association Area function
- interpretation of somatosensory information
- stereognosis (recognizing objects)
Somatosensory Association Area dysfuntion
- disorders of body image (ex. anorexia nervosa, unilateral neglect)
Stereognosis definition
the ability of someone to recognize an object by touching it
Parietotemporal Association Cortex function
Abstract thought, reasoning, reading and writing
Mathematics and spatial recognition
Angular Gyrus function?
understanding written language
Regions of the Occipital Lobe (2)
- Primary visual cortex
- Visual Association cortex
Primary visual cortex function
visual perception
Lesion in primary visual cortex causes..?
loss of vision in the opposite visual field (hemianopsia)
Visual Association Cortex location & function
location: anterior to primary visual cortex
function: interpreting visual stimuli
A lesion in visual association cortex causes what?
visual agnosia (difficultly recognizing people or objects by sight)
Visual Agnosia definition
Person can see objects and faces but doesn’t recognize them
Regions of the Temporal Lobe (7)
Primary Auditory Cortex Auditory Association Cortex Wernicke's Area Inferotemporal Lobe Olfactory Cortex Amygdala Hippocampus
Primary Auditory Cortex
- perception of sound
- input from both ears
Auditory Association Cortex
function & location
- function: interpretation & understanding of sounds
- location: posterior to primary auditory cortex
Wernicke’s Area
- understanding of language
- usually on the left hemisphere
Damage to Wernicke’s area causes what?
Receptive Aphasia
Receptive Aphasia
- unable to understand language in any form
- can speak fluidly but what they say doesn’t make sense
Global Aphasia
Receptive Aphasia + Expressive Aphasia
Inferotemporal Lobe function
-recognition of faces/objects/colors
Damage to Inferotemporal Lobe
prosopagnosia
Prosopagnosia
inability to recognize faces of people you know
-early sign of Alzheimer’s disease
Olfactory Cortex (location, function)
location: medial part of temporal lobe
function: perceiving odor
Damage to olfactorty cortex causes?
anosmia (loss of sense of smell)
Amygdala
location, function
medial side of temporal lobe
-involved in strong negative emotion (“fight or flight”)
connected to hypothalamus
Hippocampus (location, function)
medial side of temporal lobe
- creation of new long-term memories
- can generate new neurons
Lesion in Hippocampus causes what?
-inability to form new long term memories
anterograde amnesia
Thalamus
location, function
located on either side of the 3rd ventricle
-relay station for sensory and motor signals, as well as regulation of consciousness and alertness
(everything passes through here before going anywhere else in the cortex)
Relay Nuclei
Receive info from specific areas of nervous system and send on to cerebral cortex
2 general sensory (contralateral side of body)
2 special sensory (visual and auditory)
2 motor
Association Nuclei
- receive action potentials
- send info to limbic region (where sensory input is connected to emotions)
Intralaminar Nuclei
-involved in maintaining conscious awareness
lesions may cause coma
Reticular Nucleus of Thalamus
- anterior and lateral to thalamus
- determine which signals will be sent to cerebral cortex
- control activity of relay nuclei
What causes Thalamic Syndrome?
compromise of blood supply from posterior cerebral artery
Symptoms of Thalamic syndrome?
hemianethesia, sensory ataxia, thalamic pain
Thalamic Pain
- a.k.a Central Pain Syndrome
- caused by damage to thalamus, intense and unpleasant
- Pain meds not very effective
Where is the Hypothalamus located?
anterior and inferior to the thalamus
Functions of the Hypothalamus?
- controls autonomic nervous system
- regulates endocrine gland acivity
- connects physiological responses to emotions
- maintains homeostasis (water balance, hunger, thirst, sexual drive, body temperature, sleep/wake cycles)
Hypothalamus releases what chemicals?
Vasopressin - water balance, constricts blood vessels (increases BP)
Oxytocin - constriction of smooth muscles in uterus and mammary glands
Central Autonomic Fibers
- descend from hypothalamus to brainstem & spinal cord
- control function of visceral organs
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
located just below hypothalamus
-controlled by hypothalamus, releases Prolactin, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, GH, ADH, Oxytocin
Epithalamus
- consists of pineal gland and other small nuclei]\
- secretes melatonin
Subthalamus
contains subthalamic nucleus
-part of the basal ganglia
