Ch 15 Development and Aging

Question 1

After 18 days of gestation what forms?

Answer 1

The neural plate which forms the dorsa side of the embryo

Question 2

After 21 days of gestation what forms?

Answer 2

The neural tube which is a hollow tube of cells

Question 3

After 24 days of gestation what is almost completely closed?

Answer 3

The neural tube

Question 4

If the neural tube does not close what conditions are likely to occur?

Answer 4

anencephaly (lack of brain development) and spina bifida (incomplete closure of the spinal cord)

Question 5

What does anencephaly result in?

Answer 5

an exposed brainstem and the baby dies shortly after or before birth.

Question 6

Spina bifida occulta is characterized by what?

Answer 6

The vertebral arches are incomplete in the lumbar spine

Question 7

Spina bifida cystica is characterized by what?

Answer 7

a large sac of meninges protrude from the back. spina bifida may result in sensory loss and poor bladder control.

Question 8

When the forebrain develops what structures does it split into?

Answer 8

Two cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus and hypothalamus.

Question 9

When the hindbrain develops what structures does it give rise to?

Answer 9

pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

Question 10

Schwann cells develop from what?

Answer 10

The neural crest

Question 11

Which two structures in the brain are the only ones that can form new neurons?

Answer 11

the hippocampus and the olfactory epithelium.

Question 12

What is cell differentiation?

Answer 12

a cells ability to specialize

Question 13

What condition occurs when cells do not differentiate?

Answer 13

Down Syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 14

When does myelination begin?

Answer 14

20 weeks gestation and completed around 2 years but not fully until early adulthood

Question 15

What is epilepsy?

Answer 15

a brain disorder in which patient has repeated seizures

Question 16

Why do seizures happen?

Answer 16

a specific area of the brain is sending action potentials randomly.

Question 17

What is it called when a seizure lasts longer than 30 minutes?

Answer 17

status epilepticus

Question 18

What is the developmental stage in which synapses are created in large numbers?

Answer 18

Critical periods

Question 19

What two brain functions are forming during the critical periods?

Answer 19

the visual and language systems

Question 20

What are two common pathologies that occur when a baby is born premature?

Answer 20

PVL and IVH

Question 21

What are some causes of CP?

Answer 21

Bleeding in the ventricles, infection, lack of oxygen to the brain, intraventricular hemorrhage, premature birth, and brain injury

Question 22

Athetoid CP is characterized by what?

Answer 22

Sow writhing movements of the limbs due to damage to the basil ganglia

Question 23

Ataxic CP results from what?

Answer 23

injury to the cerebellum

Question 24

What causes Arnold Chiari Malformation?

Answer 24

the inferior medulla and the cerebellum protrude down the foramen magnum

Question 25

What are symptoms of Chiari Malformation?

Answer 25

severe headaches, ataxia, weakness of facial muscles and tongue