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Spinal Column Practice Flashcards

1
Q
  1. How many bones are in the human body?
A

206

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2
Q
  1. How many of these bones are part of the axial skeleton? What does the axial skeleton consist of?
A

80; skull, thoracic cage, vertebral column

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3
Q
  1. How many of these bones are part of the appendicular skeleton? What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
A

126; arms, legs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

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4
Q
  1. What are some shapes of bones?
A

Long, short, flat, irregular

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5
Q
  1. What are sesamoid bones?
A

short bones that form in tendons

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6
Q
  1. A patient walks into the ER with broken carpals and tarsals from a car accident. This patient has suffered injuries to ______ bones.
A

short bones

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7
Q
  1. What is the structure of flat bones?
A
  1. Two layers of compact bone with a layer of spongy bone sandwiched in between.
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8
Q

How many moveable vertebrae are there in the spine?

A

24

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9
Q

How many total vertebrae are there in the spine?

A

33

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10
Q
  1. What is the first set of vertebrae called? What levels are these?
A
  1. Cervical vertebrae, c1-c7
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11
Q
  1. What is the second set of vertebrae called? What levels are these?
A
  1. Thoracic vertebrae, t1-t12
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12
Q
  1. What is the third set of vertebrae called? What levels are these?
A
  1. Lumbar vertebrae, l1-l5
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13
Q
  1. What is the fourth set of vertebrae called? What levels are these?
A
  1. Sacrum, s1-s5
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14
Q
  1. What is the fifth set of vertebrae called? What levels are these?
A
  1. Coccyx, co1-co4
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15
Q
  1. What vertebrate is atlas? What about axis?
A

C1, C2

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16
Q
  1. What joint joins the sacrum and coccyx?
A
  1. Sacrococcygeal joint
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17
Q
  1. What do facet joints do?
A
  1. They allow us to flex and bend, allowing the first 24 moveable vertebrae glide over each other (aka Z joints)
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18
Q
  1. There are two types of curvatures in a developing child, primary and secondary. Where is/are the primary curvatures found? What is another name for this?
A
  1. Thoracic and sacral curvatures are primary. Also known as kryphosis
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19
Q

Where is/are secondary curvatures found? What is another name for this?

A
  1. Cervical and lumbar curvatures are secondary. Also known as lordosis
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20
Q
  1. What parts of C1 do you need to know?
A
  1. Anterior and posterior archs with tubercles, lateral mess, transverse process, and transverse foramen (for the vertebral artery)
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21
Q

C2 is the only vertebrate with what?

A

an odontoid

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22
Q
  1. Cervical vertebrae have special spinous processes. What do we call these, and what do they look like?
A
  1. Bifod process, these have two little pointy ends
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23
Q
  1. What is the space between the dens of C2 and atlas?
A
  1. Atlanto dens interval
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24
Q
  1. Lamina are between what two parts of the vertebrae?
A
  1. Transverse and spinous processes
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25
Q
  1. The _________ of a vertebra joins with the _______ of the vertebra inferior to it.
A
  1. Inferior articular process joins with the superior articular process of the vertebrae inferior to it.
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26
Q
  1. What holes do spinal nerves exit from?
A
  1. Intervertebral foramen, IVF
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27
Q
  1. What causes intervertebral discs to slowly thin out?
A
  1. Gravity and loss of water with age (desiccation)
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28
Q
  1. What type of cartilage is IV disc?
A
  1. Fibrocartilage. Also very thin layers oh hyaline cartilage at the top and bottom of a disc.
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29
Q
  1. An IV disc is composed of two main layers. What is the inner layer? Outer?
A
  1. Inner is nucleus pulposus, outer is anulus fibrosus
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30
Q
  1. What happens anatomically in a herniated disc?
A
  1. The nucleus pulposus leaks out and often puts pressure on spinal nerves
31
Q
  1. Uncovertebral joints are also known as?
A
  1. Joints of Luschka
32
Q
  1. What is an osteophyte?
A
  1. A bone growth that is made when bones start touching and can cause painful arthritis
33
Q
  1. Supraspinous processes are connected on top with what? What about in between?
A
  1. Spinous ligaments. Interspinous ligament.
34
Q
  1. The nuchal ligament is the __________ ligament above -, connected to the ______.
A
  1. Supraspinous ligament above C-7, connected to external occipital protuberance (EOP).
35
Q
  1. Ligamenta flava, also known as _______, connects __________.
A
  1. Ligamentum flavum connects lamina of each vertebrae
36
Q
  1. The posterior longitudinal ligament is from levels ___ to ____ and serves as primary attachment site for ______. Above level ____ it is referred to as the _______.
A
  1. C2-sacrum, primary attachment site for IV discs. Above C2 it is the tectorial membrane.
37
Q
  1. The ligament limiting extension of the spine and traveling from sacrum to base of the skull is the _____.
A

anterior longitudinal ligament

38
Q

The ______ joint is found between atlas and occipital bone.

A

atlanto-occipital joint

39
Q

The ______ joint is found between C1 and C2.

A

atlanto-axial joint

40
Q
  1. The three main arteries coming off the aorta are?
A
  1. Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian
41
Q
  1. The brachiocephalic trunk branches into what arteries?
A
  1. Right subclavian and right common carotid
42
Q
  1. The vertebral arteries eventually come together to form what?
A
  1. Basilar artery
43
Q
  1. What are all the arteries that feed blood to the cervical spine?
A
  1. Vertebral, ascending cervical, and deep cervical arteries all coming from subclavians
44
Q
  1. What arteries feed blood to the thoracic spine?
A
  1. Posterior intercostal arteries and dorsal branch, arising from descending aorta
45
Q
  1. What does the posterior intercostal artery break off into, and what do they feed?
A
  1. Periosteal artery (for periosteum of vertebrae) and equatorial artery (vertebral body)
46
Q
  1. Where do the lumbar arteries, which supply blood to lumbar vertebrae, originate from?
A
  1. Abdominal aorta
47
Q
  1. What branches do the lumbar arteries give off?
A
  1. Periosteal artery, equatorial artery, dorsal branch, and spinal branch
48
Q
  1. What drains into the anterior external vertebral venous plexus?
A
  1. Anterior basivertebral veins from centrum
49
Q
  1. What drains into the posterior external venous plexus?
A
  1. Spinous processes and lamina
50
Q
  1. What drains into the anterior and posterior internal vertebral plexuses (plexi? Not sure what the plural form is)?
A
  1. Basivertebral vein
51
Q
  1. How many total spinal nerves are there?
52
Q
  1. What is the difference in epaxial and hypaxial?
A
  1. Hypaxial segment makes the muscles that will form the ventral muscles, like arms and muscles, and even lats. Epaxial segments makes dorsal muscles that move the vertebral column.
53
Q
  1. What muscles are in the extrinsic superficial group?
A
  1. Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids major, rhomboids minor
54
Q
  1. What muscles are in the intermediate extrinsic group?
A
  1. Serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior
55
Q
  1. Briefly explain the function of extrinsic muscles.
A
  1. These muscles move the upper limbs and control respiration. They do NOT move the spine.
56
Q

A minor muscle is always _____ in relation to the major muscle.

57
Q
  1. What muscles are in the intrinsic (deep) superficial layer?
A
  1. Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis
58
Q

Where would we find an origin point for a muscle? What about an insertion point?

A
  1. Origin is always on the muscle that does not move. Insertion is on the movable bone.
59
Q
  1. Where is the origin/insertion of the splenius capitis?
A
  1. Origin nuchal ligament and C7-T13. Insertion on mastoid process of temporal bone
60
Q
  1. Where is the origin/insertion of the splenius cervitis?
A
  1. Origin T3-T6. Insertion C1-C3
61
Q
  1. What muscles make up the intermediate layer of the deep layer of muscles?
A
  1. Together, these make the erector spinae group. Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
62
Q
  1. Name the muscles of the erector spinae group from lateral to medial
A
  1. Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis. I Love Spinach
63
Q
  1. Where do the muscles of the erector spinae group originate?
A
  1. Erector spinae aponeurosis
64
Q
  1. What are the two parts to the deep layer of intrinsic muscles?
A
  1. Transversospinalis and segmental
65
Q
  1. What muscles make up the tranversospinales group?
A
  1. Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores
66
Q
  1. How many vertebrae does multifidus span?
67
Q
  1. How many segments does rotatores longus span?
68
Q
  1. What muscles makes up the segmental group?
A
  1. Intertransversarii, interspinales
69
Q
  1. What are the muscles of the suboccipital triangle? **Hint: Dr. Decker loves the suboccipital triangle and its borders
A
  1. Rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, oblique capitis superior, oblique capitis inferior
70
Q
  1. What is the superomedial boundary of the suboccipital triangle?
A
  1. Rectus capitis posterior major
71
Q
  1. What is the superolateral boundary of the suboccipital triangle?
A
  1. Obliquus capitis superior
72
Q
  1. What is the inferolateral boundary of the suboccipital triangle?
A
  1. Obliquus capitis inferior
73
Q
  1. What nerve innervates the muscles of the suboccipital triangle?

Anatomy (12 decks)

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