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Anatomy > Histology Practice > Flashcards

Histology Practice Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

connective

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2
Q

Define the term “tissue”, and broadly describe the four types.

A 
A group of cells with similar structure and function; 
Epithelium (covering/lining)
Connective (support)
Muscle (locomotion)
Nervous (control)
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3
Q

What are the three layers of an embryo (by week 3)?

A

endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

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4
Q

What does the endoderm go on to form?

A

inner lining of digestive and respiratory tracts

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5
Q

What does the mesoderm go on to form?

A

skeletal, muscular and circulatory systems

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6
Q

What does the ectoderm go on to form?

A

integumentary and nervous system

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7
Q

Name some functions of epithelial tissue

A

protection, absorption, filtration and excretion, gas exchange

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8
Q

What is the different between the apical and basal surfaces of epithelial tissue?

A

Apical membrane is the free surface exposed and the basal surface is the lower surface attachment

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9
Q

What is the basement membrane and what does it do?

A

The basement membrane consists of basal lamina for filtering and reticular lamina. They resist tearing and stretching of epithelium

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10
Q

Does epithelial tissue have a blood supply? Does that make it vascular or avascular?

A

no; avascular

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11
Q

You are looking at a group of cells that seem striated and contain bands that connect them. What type of tissue are you looking at? What part of the body might this tissue have come from?

A

cardiac muscle tissue; the connecting bands are intercalated discs, which allow conduction between cells; heart

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12
Q

You observe the next sample under the microscope and see non-striated cells with central nuclei. What type of tissue are you looking at? What part of the body might this tissue have come from?

A

Smooth muscle tissue. This could have originated from the inside walls of a GI tract, as well as hollow organs.

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13
Q

The last sample has cells that are striated, and what looks like many nuclei and mitochondria. What type of tissue are you looking at? What part of the body might this tissue have come from?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue. This could have originated from a muscular area, like a calf or bicep.

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14
Q

What muscle tissues are voluntarily controlled? Involuntary?

A

skeletal is voluntary; smooth and cardiac are involuntary

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15
Q

All connective tissue develops from ________.

A

mesenchyme

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16
Q

What are some functions of blood?

A

transport gases, nutrients, and waste products

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17
Q

What is a nerve cell’s function? What are the parts of a neuron?

A

Generate and conduct nerve impulses. Dendrites, cell body, axon, and terminals.

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18
Q

What are blast cells? Cytes?

A

Blast cells are active cells secreting fibers and matrix (baby cells). Cytes are mature cells that are not actively secreting matrix, instead maintaining the matrix through repair or regeneration.

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19
Q

what type of cells create proper cartilage matrix and maintain it? Blood? Bone? Connective tissue proper?

A

Cartilage (chondroblasts/chondrocytes). Blood (hemocytoblasts/hemocytes). Bone (osteoblasts/osteocytes). CTP (fibroblasts/fibrocytes)

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20
Q

What type of cells produce blood?

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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21
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

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22
Q

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

A

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

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23
Q

Describe areolar connective tissue as well as its location

A

Most widely distributed connective tissue, binds body parts and wraps around small blood vessels and nerves. Areolar tissue also binds skin to the underlying structures. Located under epithelia of body, also surrounds capillaries.

24
Q

Describe adipose connective tissue as well as its location.

A

Made of adipocytes, essentially fat. Stores triglycerides, and serves as a heat insulator. Located around the kidneys, omentum, and behind the eyeball.. Dr. Decker also loves the omentum.

25
Q

What is the omentum?

A

The omentum is a drape-like layer of fat covering the intestines. This can make the stomach seem very large, and the surgery to remove it is an omentectomy

26
Q

Describe reticular connective tissue as well as its location.

A

Forms framework of organs, including spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. Also supports white blood cells. Note- many lymphatic structures

27
Q

What are some important characteristics of dense regular connective tissue?

A

Very fibrous, contains bundles of collagen and fibroblasts. Very high tensile strength.

28
Q

Because dense regular connective tissue has absurdly high tensile strength, tendons and ligaments are just a few examples. What is the difference between the two?

A

Tendons connect muscle to bone, and ligaments connect bone to bone. Ligaments contain more elastin for a higher stretching ability

29
Q

What is an aponeurosis? Although this may sound like a disease, it is not.

A

These are sheet-like dense regular tissues similar to tendons.

30
Q
  1. What is the difference in dense regular and dense irregular? How does this change the properties of dense irregular connective tissue?
A

Dense irregular connective tissue contains collagen fibers in irregular patterns, often found in the skin, periosteum, or heart valves. The irregular pattern allows it to withstand tension in various directions.

31
Q
  1. What are the three types of cartilage?
A

Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

32
Q
  1. Which cartilage can be described as chondrocytes scattered amongst collagen?
A

Fibrocartilage

33
Q
  1. Which cartilage can be described as the most abundant cartilage, AKA gristle?
A

Hyaline cartilage

34
Q
  1. Which cartilage can be described as many elastic fibers to allow for stretching?
A

Elastic cartilage

35
Q
  1. You’re examining the ends of a bone and see the cartilage has deteriorated. What type of cartilage is this? And what is its function?
A

You’re looking at hyaline cartilage, which is found at the ends of bones, the nose, and trachea. Its function is to allow movement of joints, as well as allow flexibility and provide support

36
Q
  1. A patient has an upper ear-piercing (pinna of ear) that was ripped out. What type of cartilage did it rip through? Where else can this be found?
A

Elastic cartilage, can also be found in walls of arteries, epiglottis, vocal chords

37
Q
  1. What are the functions of fibrocartilage, and where can it be found?
A

Functions to absorb compressive shock. Can be found in areas that endure frequent stress, like intervertebral discs, or knee menisci

38
Q

Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

endocrine glands are ductless and produce hormones

39
Q
  1. What is an exocrine gland, what are the two types, and what are they?
A

Exocrine grands DO have ducts, and merocrine and holocrine glands are types. Merocrine glands secrete via exocytosis, and holocrine glands accumulate product until they rupture. These are oil glands.

40
Q
  1. You’re working in a lab and isolate epithelial tissue that you’re having trouble identifying under a microscope. You recognize some goblet cells that have secreted mucus in the area. However, the cells look like they are at different heights. What are you looking at?
A

Pseudostratified columnar

41
Q
  1. You move on to the next sample, taken from the lining of a patient’s uterus, and observe a monolayer of cells with spherical nuclei. The cells are shaped like cubes. What are you looking at?
A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

42
Q
  1. What is the function of osseous tissue? Describe its composition
A

Function is to provide support, protection, storage, and blood forming tissues. Composed of many collagen fibers, lacunae, and are well vascularized. Hematopoiesis also takes place here.

43
Q
  1. An osteon contains _____ (looking for 5 answers).
A

Central canal, surrounding lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi

44
Q
  1. What connects lacunae? What are inside lacunae? What are the channels radiating from lacunae?
A

Canaliculi connect lacunae. Osteocytes and chondrocytes occupy the lacunae. Channels radiate from lacunae.

45
Q
  1. Horizontal running canals in bone are called what? Vertically running canals?
A

Horizontal canals are called Perforating (Volkmann) canals. Vertical canals are called Central (Haversian) canals.

46
Q
  1. What holds the periosteum onto the bone?
A

Sharpey’s fibers

47
Q
  1. What is the most abundant tissue in the body?
A

connective tissue

48
Q
  1. An injury to a ligament is a ______.
A

Sprain

49
Q
  1. An injury to a tendon is a ______.
A

Strain

50
Q
  1. Why don’t areas that have suffered major ligament injuries ever quite feel the same?
A

The body lays down scar tissue, which isn’t as mobile as ligaments, in a rush to fill in the gaps and essentially doesn’t care about putting it down in a neat arrangement.

51
Q
  1. What is the most abundant connective tissue?
A

loose

52
Q
  1. What are “thin purple threads” in the pictures around slide 30 in Histology for this class?
A

elastin

53
Q
  1. What are the “thicker pink strands” in the pictures around slide 30 in Histology for this class?
A

collagen

54
Q
  1. What cells does liposuction remove? Why do some people gain weight again soon after surgery?
A

Adipocytes. The triglycerides from the diet still has to be stored somewhere.

55
Q
  1. Where is dense irregular connective tissue most abundant?
A

dermis of your skin

56
Q
  1. Why do cells produce melanin?
A

Protect underlying cells from mutations that can cause abnormal cell division

57
Q
  1. What is the most abundant cartilage in the human body?
A

Hyaline cartilage

Anatomy (12 decks)

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