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Sectional Anatomy > Spinal anatomy > Flashcards

Spinal anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

vertebral column also called

A

spine or backbone

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2
Q

how many individual bony vertebrae are there

A

33

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3
Q

how many sacral bones are there

A

5

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4
Q

how many coccygeal vertebrae

A

3-5

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5
Q

principle supporting structure for human body

A

vertebral column

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6
Q

what does vertebral column allow individual to do

A

stand upright, bend, twist

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7
Q

what is another main job of vertebral column

A

protect spinal cord

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8
Q

how is spine shaped at birth

A

C-shaped

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9
Q

what kind of curve does a baby have

A

one concave

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10
Q

as child learns to walk and craw, how does spine adjust

A

to accommodate 4-legged

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11
Q

then spine later learns to adjust for what

A

2-legged locomotion

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12
Q

what spine has lordotic curve

A

cervical and lumbar

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13
Q

what spine has kyphotic

A

thoracic and sacral

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14
Q

abnormal forward curve of lumbar spine

A

lordosis

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15
Q

abnormal curve of thoracic

A

kyphosis

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16
Q

sometimes called sway back

A

lordosis

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17
Q

sometimes called hunchback

A

kyphosis

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18
Q

what is it called when vertebral column abnormally curves from side to side

A

scoliosis

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19
Q

any abnormalities of spine can place unneeded pressure where

A

on heart and lungs

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20
Q

typical vertebrae consists of what

A

2 main divisions

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21
Q

what portion of spine is called the body

A

anterior portion

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22
Q

what portion of vertebrae is the posterior poriton

A

vertebral arch

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23
Q

what are the boney appendages of a typical vertebrae

A

superior and inferior articular facets, spinous process, and transverse processes

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24
Q

on the lateral aspect of the vertebral arch, what is it formed by

A

2 projections called pedicles

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25
Q

what are the pedicles joined together posteriorly by

A

lamina

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26
Q

another term for spinal canal

A

vertebral foramen

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27
Q

what does the spinal canal contain

A

spinal cord, fat, connective tissue, and blood supply of the cord

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28
Q

what is below each pedicle

A

pair of spinal nerves that extends from spinal cord into body

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29
Q

what does the pair of spinal nerves that extend from the spinal cord into the body go through

A

intervertebral foramen

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30
Q

what is each vertebrae in human spine separated and cushioned by

A

intervertebral discs

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31
Q

what is the outer ring of the discs called

A

annulus fibrous

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32
Q

what is a complex arrangement of criss-crossing fibrous bands

A

annulus fibrous

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33
Q

where do the annulus fibrous attach at

A

vertebral bodies

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34
Q

the bands of annulus fibrous contain fluid-filled center called what

A

nucleus pulpous

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35
Q

typical cervical spine has what

A

large spinal canals, oval shaped vertebral bodies, and articular facets

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36
Q

how are he articular facets oriented

A

obliquely

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37
Q

what vertebrae is also considered atypical besides first and second cervical

A

7th cervical

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38
Q

what lacks a bifid spinous process

A

7th cervical

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39
Q

what maintains typical vertebral configuration

A

12 thoracic vertebral

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40
Q

what does each head of the ribs articulate with

A

corresponding vertebral body

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41
Q

what are the joints called that the head of each rib articulate with called

A

costa-vertebral joints

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42
Q

what does the tubercles of the rib articulate with

A

transverse processes of vertebrae at costa-transverse joints

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43
Q

what articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull

A

superior articular facets of first cervical

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44
Q

what allows for the ‘no’ movement of head

A

superior articular facets w occipital condyles of skull

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45
Q

what is a ring like structure

A

atlas

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46
Q

the atlas has what kind of arch

A

anterior and posterior

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47
Q

what bears the weight of the cranium

A

two large lateral masses on atlas

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48
Q

what projects superiorly from its body

A

dens

49
Q

what does the dens articulate with

A

anterior tubercle of atlas

50
Q

what allows for the ‘yes’ movement of the head

A

the dens articulating with the anterior tubercle of the atlas

51
Q

what are the characteristics of the cervical spine

A

bifid spinous process and transverse foramina

52
Q

what house the vertebral arteries

A

transverse foramina

53
Q

1st and 2nd vertebrae are what

A

atypical

54
Q

what is referred to as the atlas

A

first cervical

55
Q

what is the second cervical

A

axis

56
Q

what is remarkable for having no body or spinous process

A

atlas

57
Q

what contains the odontoid process

A

axis

58
Q

what articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull

A

superior articular facets of first cervical

59
Q

what is a complex arrangement of criss-crossing fibrous bands

A

annulus fibrous

60
Q

where do the annulus fibrous attach at

A

vertebral bodies

61
Q

the bands of annulus fibrous contain fluid-filled center called what

A

nucleus pulpous

62
Q

typical cervical spine has what

A

large spinal canals, oval shaped vertebral bodies, and articular facets

63
Q

how are the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae generally shaped

A

long and slender

64
Q

which part of spine has characteristically larger bodies increasing in size

A

L1-L5

65
Q

what junction is the entire weight of the upper body transferred to the pelvis and lower extremities

A

L5-S1

66
Q

how many does the sacrum consist of

A

5 fused vertebral segments

67
Q

what forms the lateral masses on the sacrum

A

transverse processes

68
Q

what is another term for the lateral masses of the sacrum

A

ala

69
Q

what do the ala articulate with

A

pelvic bones at SI joints

70
Q

what is located within lateral masses

A

2 rows of sacral foramina

71
Q

what do the sacral foramina allow for

A

passages of nerves

72
Q

what is the ridge on the anterior surface of the sacrum called

A

sacral promontory

73
Q

what serves as a landmark separating the abdominal and pelvic cavities

A

sacral promontory

74
Q

what is the sacral hiatus

A

the opening at inferior border of 5th sacral segment

75
Q

what marks last segment of vertebral column

A

coccyx

76
Q

what is the job of coccyx

A

help protect soft tissue structures of pelvis

77
Q

what is primary nervous pathway connecting brain to the trunk and periphery of the body

A

spinal cord

78
Q

where does the spinal cord begin and end

A

medulla oblongata and conus medullaris

79
Q

what is the level of spine at which the cord cuts off at

A

L1-L2

80
Q

what is several bundles that continue from the terminal end of spinal cord termed

A

cauda equina

81
Q

white matter comprises which part of cord

A

external border

82
Q

gray matter comprises which portion of cord

A

the core

83
Q

ventricular system of the brain continues in spinal cord as the what

A

central canal

84
Q

in cross section, what does the gray matter of the cord have an appearance of

A

a butterfly

85
Q

what are the anterior projections of the gray matter termed

A

ventral horns

86
Q

what are the posterior projections of gray matter termed

A

dorsal horns

87
Q

what are the spaces between each meninge used for

A

diagnostic and treatment procedures

88
Q

space between pia and arachnoid mater

A

subarachnoid

89
Q

what does subarachnoid space surround

A

spinal cord

90
Q

what circulates CSF

A

subarachnoid space

91
Q

which space is often accessed when performing a lumbar puncture to sample CSF

A

subarachnoid space

92
Q

what is space between dura mater and bone

A

epidural space

93
Q

what space is accessed to deliver anesthetic numbing agents

A

epidural space

94
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves branch from the spinal cord and extend into various portions of the body

A

31

95
Q

what do the spinal nerves carry and where

A

electrical signals back and forth between body and spinal cord

96
Q

each spinal nerve has two what

A

roots

97
Q

dorsal root has widened portioned termed

A

dorsal root ganglia

98
Q

what does the dorsal root ganglia contain

A

the nerve cell bodies of sensory neurons

99
Q

after leaving spinal cord, ventral and dorsal roots fuse together to from what

A

individual spinal nerves

100
Q

where do the individual spinal nerves travel

A

down spinal canal alongside the cord until they exit the vertebral canal at the intervertebral foramina

101
Q

how are spinal nerves named and numbered

A

according to vertebral level at which they exit the vertebral column

102
Q

how many cervical spinal canals are there

A

8, numbered C1-C8

103
Q

how many nerves are there fro the coccyx

A

1 coccygeal nerve

104
Q

what are the four major ligaments of the spine

A

ligamentum flavum, anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) and the interspinous ligament

105
Q

what are continuous bands that run from the top to the bottom of the spinal column along the vertebral bodies

A

ALL and PLL

106
Q

what does the ALL and PLL prevent

A

excessive movement of the vertebral bodies

107
Q

which ligament attaches between the lamina of each vertebra

A

ligamentum flavum

108
Q

which ligament attached the spinous processes of adjoining vertebrae

A

interspinous

109
Q

what are the 3 categories of muscles that affect the movement of the spine

A

superficial layer, intermediate later, and the deep later

110
Q

what is an example of superficial layer

A

splenius muscles

111
Q

where are splenius muscles located

A

lateral and posterior aspects of the cervical and upper thoracic

112
Q

what is an example of intermediate layer

A

erector spinae group

113
Q

what consists of several massive msucles that form the prominent bulge on each side of the posterior vertebral column

A

erector spinae muscle group

114
Q

which muscles are the chief extender muscles of the thoracic and lumbar spine

A

erector spinae muscle group

115
Q

what is an example of the deep layer

A

transversospinal muscles

116
Q

where are the transversospinal muscles positioned at

A

between the transverse and spinous processes of the vertebrae

117
Q

what do the transversospinal muscles help

A

to flex and rotate the vertebral column

118
Q

what are two additional muscle groups commonly imaged in the lower vertebral column

A

quadraus lumborum and psoas muscles

Sectional Anatomy (14 decks)

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