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Sectional Anatomy > Chest > Flashcards

Chest Flashcards

1
Q

what is the skeleton of the thorax

A

an osseo-cartilaginous cage

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2
Q

what does the osseo-cartilaginous cage do

A

contains and protects principal organs of respiration and circulation

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3
Q

what is the posterior surface of the boney thorax formed by

A

12 thoracic vertebrae and posterior parts of ribs

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4
Q

what is the anterior surface of boney thorax formed by

A

sternum and costal cartilages

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5
Q

what is the thoracic cavity framed by

A

12 pairs of ribs

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6
Q

where do the ribs connect at

A

posterior thorax to thoracic vertebral bodies

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7
Q

in anterior thorax, how many pairs are attached to the sternum

A

first 7 pairs

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8
Q

what are the ribs attached by in order to attach to the sternum

A

costal carilage

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9
Q

which ribs are attached to each other

A

8, 9, and 10

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10
Q

what are ribs 8, 9, and 10 attached by

A

costal cartilage that attaches to sternum

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11
Q

which ribs are known as floating ribs

A

11 and 12

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12
Q

why are they known as floating ribs

A

not attached in any way to sternum

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13
Q

which ribs are considered “true ribs”

A

first 7 pairs

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14
Q

what are the remaining 5 pair of ribs called

A

‘false ribs’

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15
Q

what is an elongated, flattened bone

A

sternum

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16
Q

what forms the middle portion of the anterior thoracic wall

A

sternum

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17
Q

what does the upper end of sternum support

A

clavicles

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18
Q

what does the lateral margins of sternum articulate with

A

the cartilages of first 7 pair of ribs

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19
Q

how many parts of the sternum is there

A

3

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20
Q

what are the 3 parts of sternum

A

manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

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21
Q

what are other boney features usually visualized when imaging thorax

A

clavicles and scapulae

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22
Q

what is a short bone that connects the arm to the body

A

clavicle

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23
Q

where does the clavicle connect the arm to the body at

A

just above first rib

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24
Q

what does the clavicle articulate with medially

A

manubrium at SC joint

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25
Q

at lateral end of clavicle, what does it articulate with

A

acromion of the scapula at AC joint

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26
Q

what are the two large bones of the shoulder girdle

A

scapulae

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27
Q

what is the posterior surface of the scapula crosses obliquely by

A

prominent ridge

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28
Q

what is the prominent ridge of the scapula termed

A

scapular spine

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29
Q

what divides the bone into two concave areas

A

scapular spine

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30
Q

what are the names of the concave areas of the scapula

A

supraspinous and infraspinous fossae

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31
Q

the spine and fossae give attachment to what

A

muscles

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32
Q

what do the muscles act in

A

rotating the arm

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33
Q

where does the scapular spine end at

A

acromion

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34
Q

what is a process that articulates with the clavicle

A

acromion

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35
Q

what does the lateral apex of of the scapula present

A

shallow cavity

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36
Q

what is the shallow cavity called

A

glenoid fossa

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37
Q

what articulates with glenoid fossa

A

humeral head

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38
Q

what is the projection that overhands the glenoid cavity called

A

coracoid process

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39
Q

what can be described as a beaklike projection

A

coracoid process

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40
Q

what is attached to the margins of the scaula

A

muscles

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41
Q

what aids in moving or fixing the shoulder as demanded by movements of upper limb

A

muscles attaching to margins of scapula

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42
Q

what is known as windpipe

A

trachea

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43
Q

what is the trachea made of

A

cartilaginous and membranous tube

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44
Q

where does trachea extend from

A

lower aspect of larynx at C6 to level of T6

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45
Q

what happens to trachea at level of T6

A

divides into 2 primary bronchi

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46
Q

which bronchi is wider

A

right

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47
Q

what is the length of right bronchi

A

2 cm

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48
Q

what is length of left bronchi

A

5 cm

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49
Q

which bronchi is more vertical

A

right

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50
Q

how many branches are there off of the primary bronchus

A

3

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51
Q

after the first branch of primary bronchus branches off, it extends into upper lobe of lung. the main bronchus then passes where

A

below the artery

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52
Q

what does the main bronchus do once it passes below the artery

A

divides into 2 branches for middle and lower lobes of right lung

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53
Q

which bronchi passes beneath the aortic arch and crosses in front of the esophagus?

A

left bronchus

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54
Q

where does the left bronchus bifurcate

A

below left pulmonary artery into upper and lower lobes of left lung

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55
Q

what is the trachea and bronchi composed of

A

imperfect rings of hyaline cartilage, fibrous tissue, muscular fibers, and a mucous membrane

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56
Q

how is the branching of the bronchi within the lungs (order)

A

primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, and numerous bronchi and bronchioles

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57
Q

how many secondary bronchi are there

A

3 right, and 2 left

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58
Q

what is another term for tertiary bronchi

A

lobular bronchi

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59
Q

approx. how many bronchi are in each lung

A

10

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60
Q

each bronchiole divides into how many respiratory bronchioles

A

2 or more

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61
Q

after each bronchiole divides into 2 or more respiratory bronchioles, they have what

A

scattered alveoli

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62
Q

each alveoli each again divide into several what

A

alveolar ducts, with a greater number of alveoli connected with them

63
Q

what are the alveoli lined by

A

delicate layer of simple squamous epithelium

64
Q

what are the cells of the alveoli united at their edges by

A

cement like substance

65
Q

what is outside the epithelial lining

A

delicate connective tissue

66
Q

what does the delicate connective tissue outside the epithelial lining contain

A

numerous elastic fibers and close network of blood capillaries

67
Q

what do the close network of blood capillaries allow for

A

gas exchange

68
Q

how many lobes are in left lung

A

2 lobes

69
Q

what is the upper and lower lung divided by

A

an interlobular fissure

70
Q

where does the left superior lobe lay in relation to the interlobular fissure

A

above and in front

71
Q

what is included in left superior lobe

A

apex, anterior border, and considerable part of costal surface and greater part of mediastinal surface of lung

72
Q

where is the left inferior lobe situated

A

below and behind the interlobular fissure

73
Q

which lobe is large in left lung

A

inferior lobe

74
Q

what is included in left inferior lobe

A

comprises almost whole of the base, large portion of the costal surface, and the greater part of the posterior border

75
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have

A

3

76
Q

what are the right lobes divided by

A

by 2 interlobular fissures

77
Q

one of the interlobular fissures separates the inferior from the middle and superior lobes, and corresponds where with the fissure in the left lung

A

closely

78
Q

what does the other fissure of the right lung separate

A

the superior from the middle lobe

79
Q

another term for lung roots

A

hilum

80
Q

what is within the mediastinal surface of each lung

A

its root (hilum)

81
Q

how is the lung connected to heart and trachea

A

by hilum

82
Q

what is the root formed by

A

bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, bronchial arteries and veins, pulmonary plexuses of nerves, lymphatic vessels, bronchial lymph glands, and areolar tissue

83
Q

what is everything that forms the root enclosed by

A

an extension of the pleura

84
Q

what are the lungs composed of

A

pulmonary substance

85
Q

what is the pulmonary substance composing the lungs called

A

parenchyma

86
Q

what is the parenchyma composed of

A

secondary lobules

87
Q

although the secondary lobules are closely connected together by an interlobular areolar tissue, they are what from each other

A

distinct

88
Q

each secondary lobule is composed of several what

A

primary lobules

89
Q

what are the anatomical units of the lungs

A

primary lobules

90
Q

what does the primary lobule consists of

A

an alveolar duct and the associated alveoli

91
Q

what convey the deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

pulmonary arteries

92
Q

what do the pulmonary arteries begin as

A

pulmonary trunk

93
Q

what happens after the pulmonary trunk

A

it bifurcates in left and right branches

94
Q

what do the left and right branches of the pulmonary trunk accompany

A

the bronchial tubes

95
Q

what do the bronchial tubes end in

A

a dense capillary network in walls of alevoli

96
Q

what commence in the pulmonary capillaries coalescing into larger branches

A

pulmonary veins

97
Q

where do the pulmonary capillaries that coalesce into larger branches run

A

through substance of lung

98
Q

what ultimately come into proximity with the arteries and bronchial tubes

A

pulmonary veins

99
Q

what do the pulmonary veins accompany arteries and bronchial tubes to

A

the hilum of the lungs

100
Q

where do the venous blood from the lungs pour into

A

left atrium of heart

101
Q

how does the venous blood pour into the left atrium

A

by the pulmonary veins

102
Q

how many pulmonary veins are there

A

4

103
Q

what do the pulmonary veins carry

A

oxygenated blood

104
Q

where does the heart lay

A

between lungs in the middle mediastinum

105
Q

what is heart enclosed in

A

fluid-filled pericardium

106
Q

what are the four anatomical layers of heart in order

A

pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

107
Q

what forms the pericardial sac and contains pericardial fluid

A

pericardium

108
Q

what is a cisceral connective tissue lying against the heart itself

A

epicardium

109
Q

what is also known as heart muscle

A

myocardium

110
Q

what is lining the inside of the heart

A

endocardium

111
Q

how many chambers are in human heart

A

4

112
Q

what are the four chambers

A

right and left atria, right and left ventricles

113
Q

what do the 2 atria act as

A

collecting reservoirs for blood returning to heart

114
Q

what do the 2 ventricles act as

A

pumps to eject the blood to the body

115
Q

what are the 4 valves of heart

A

tricuspid, bicuspid, pulmonic semilunar, and aortic semilunar

116
Q

how does deoxygenated blood return to heart

A

major veins

117
Q

what are those major veins returning blood to heart

A

superior and inferior vena cava

118
Q

what is the flow when entering right side heart

A

enters right atrium, passes into right ventricle, ejected into pulmonary artery to go to lungs

119
Q

where does blood returning from lungs enter

A

left atrium

120
Q

how does the blood get back into left atrium

A

pulmonary veins

121
Q

where does blood go upon entering left atrium

A

left ventricle, ejected to aorta

122
Q

what is the specialized vascular system through which the myocardium is vascularized termed

A

the coronary circulatory system

123
Q

what are the major vessels of the coronary circulation

A

left main coronary and right main coronary

124
Q

what does the left main coronary divide into

A

left anterior descending and circumflex branches

125
Q

where do the left and right coronary arteries originate at

A

base of aorta

126
Q

where do the left and bright coronary arteries and their branches lie

A

on surface of heart

127
Q

the major coronary arteries branch into several _______ that ultimately branch into numerous __________

A

arterioles, capillaries

128
Q

what do the capillaries do

A

feed heart muscle

129
Q

where does capillary blood flow enter

A

venules

130
Q

what join together to form cardiac veins

A

venules

131
Q

what does the cardiac veins drain into

A

coronary sinus

132
Q

where is coronary sinus located

A

posterior side of the heart

133
Q

where does coronary sinus drain into

A

right atrium

134
Q

what are the large vessels of thorax

A

great vessels

135
Q

what are the significant arteries and veins included in great vessels

A

aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, and the pulmonary arteries

136
Q

what is largest artery of body

A

aorta

137
Q

where does aorta extend into

A

mediastinum

138
Q

where from does the aorta extend into mediastinum

A

left ventricle

139
Q

as aorta leaves the heart the vessels are termed the what

A

ascending aorta

140
Q

as aorta turns inferiorly, what is it named

A

aortic arch

141
Q

what is aorta terms when fully directed towards the inferior

A

descending aorta

142
Q

what are the 3 branches that come off aorta arch

A

innominate artery, left common carotid, and left subclavian artery

143
Q

what is another term for innominate artery

A

brachiocephalic trunk

144
Q

where do all other arteries extending into neck and cranium originate from

A

the 3 vessels off of the aortic arch

145
Q

what large veins receive deoxygenated blood from the body

A

superior and inferior vena cava

146
Q

where does the SVC and IVC terminate at

A

right atrium

147
Q

what is the superior vena cava formed by

A

union of right and left brachiocephalic veins

148
Q

what is the only other venous pathway to the heart form the body

A

azygos vein

149
Q

what is a small vein transporting deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen into SVC

A

azygos vein

150
Q

why is the azygos vein named that

A

has no symmetrically equivalent vein on left side of body

151
Q

what do pulmonary arteries begin as

A

one common extension of right ventricle

152
Q

what is that one common extension of right ventricle named

A

pulmonary trunk

153
Q

what are the only deoxygenated arteries of body

A

pulmonary arteries

Sectional Anatomy (14 decks)

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