Chest Flashcards
1
Q
what is the skeleton of the thorax
A
an osseo-cartilaginous cage
2
Q
what does the osseo-cartilaginous cage do
A
contains and protects principal organs of respiration and circulation
3
Q
what is the posterior surface of the boney thorax formed by
A
12 thoracic vertebrae and posterior parts of ribs
4
Q
what is the anterior surface of boney thorax formed by
A
sternum and costal cartilages
5
Q
what is the thoracic cavity framed by
A
12 pairs of ribs
6
Q
where do the ribs connect at
A
posterior thorax to thoracic vertebral bodies
7
Q
in anterior thorax, how many pairs are attached to the sternum
A
first 7 pairs
8
Q
what are the ribs attached by in order to attach to the sternum
A
costal carilage
9
Q
which ribs are attached to each other
A
8, 9, and 10
10
Q
what are ribs 8, 9, and 10 attached by
A
costal cartilage that attaches to sternum
11
Q
which ribs are known as floating ribs
A
11 and 12
12
Q
why are they known as floating ribs
A
not attached in any way to sternum
13
Q
which ribs are considered “true ribs”
A
first 7 pairs
14
Q
what are the remaining 5 pair of ribs called
A
‘false ribs’
15
Q
what is an elongated, flattened bone
A
sternum
16
Q
what forms the middle portion of the anterior thoracic wall
A
sternum
17
Q
what does the upper end of sternum support
A
clavicles
18
Q
what does the lateral margins of sternum articulate with
A
the cartilages of first 7 pair of ribs
19
Q
how many parts of the sternum is there
A
3
20
Q
what are the 3 parts of sternum
A
manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
21
Q
what are other boney features usually visualized when imaging thorax
A
clavicles and scapulae
22
Q
what is a short bone that connects the arm to the body
A
clavicle
23
Q
where does the clavicle connect the arm to the body at
A
just above first rib
24
Q
what does the clavicle articulate with medially
A
manubrium at SC joint
25
at lateral end of clavicle, what does it articulate with
acromion of the scapula at AC joint
26
what are the two large bones of the shoulder girdle
scapulae
27
what is the posterior surface of the scapula crosses obliquely by
prominent ridge
28
what is the prominent ridge of the scapula termed
scapular spine
29
what divides the bone into two concave areas
scapular spine
30
what are the names of the concave areas of the scapula
supraspinous and infraspinous fossae
31
the spine and fossae give attachment to what
muscles
32
what do the muscles act in
rotating the arm
33
where does the scapular spine end at
acromion
34
what is a process that articulates with the clavicle
acromion
35
what does the lateral apex of of the scapula present
shallow cavity
36
what is the shallow cavity called
glenoid fossa
37
what articulates with glenoid fossa
humeral head
38
what is the projection that overhands the glenoid cavity called
coracoid process
39
what can be described as a beaklike projection
coracoid process
40
what is attached to the margins of the scaula
muscles
41
what aids in moving or fixing the shoulder as demanded by movements of upper limb
muscles attaching to margins of scapula
42
what is known as windpipe
trachea
43
what is the trachea made of
cartilaginous and membranous tube
44
where does trachea extend from
lower aspect of larynx at C6 to level of T6
45
what happens to trachea at level of T6
divides into 2 primary bronchi
46
which bronchi is wider
right
47
what is the length of right bronchi
2 cm
48
what is length of left bronchi
5 cm
49
which bronchi is more vertical
right
50
how many branches are there off of the primary bronchus
3
51
after the first branch of primary bronchus branches off, it extends into upper lobe of lung. the main bronchus then passes where
below the artery
52
what does the main bronchus do once it passes below the artery
divides into 2 branches for middle and lower lobes of right lung
53
which bronchi passes beneath the aortic arch and crosses in front of the esophagus?
left bronchus
54
where does the left bronchus bifurcate
below left pulmonary artery into upper and lower lobes of left lung
55
what is the trachea and bronchi composed of
imperfect rings of hyaline cartilage, fibrous tissue, muscular fibers, and a mucous membrane
56
how is the branching of the bronchi within the lungs (order)
primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, and numerous bronchi and bronchioles
57
how many secondary bronchi are there
3 right, and 2 left
58
what is another term for tertiary bronchi
lobular bronchi
59
approx. how many bronchi are in each lung
10
60
each bronchiole divides into how many respiratory bronchioles
2 or more
61
after each bronchiole divides into 2 or more respiratory bronchioles, they have what
scattered alveoli
62
each alveoli each again divide into several what
alveolar ducts, with a greater number of alveoli connected with them
63
what are the alveoli lined by
delicate layer of simple squamous epithelium
64
what are the cells of the alveoli united at their edges by
cement like substance
65
what is outside the epithelial lining
delicate connective tissue
66
what does the delicate connective tissue outside the epithelial lining contain
numerous elastic fibers and close network of blood capillaries
67
what do the close network of blood capillaries allow for
gas exchange
68
how many lobes are in left lung
2 lobes
69
what is the upper and lower lung divided by
an interlobular fissure
70
where does the left superior lobe lay in relation to the interlobular fissure
above and in front
71
what is included in left superior lobe
apex, anterior border, and considerable part of costal surface and greater part of mediastinal surface of lung
72
where is the left inferior lobe situated
below and behind the interlobular fissure
73
which lobe is large in left lung
inferior lobe
74
what is included in left inferior lobe
comprises almost whole of the base, large portion of the costal surface, and the greater part of the posterior border
75
how many lobes does the right lung have
3
76
what are the right lobes divided by
by 2 interlobular fissures
77
one of the interlobular fissures separates the inferior from the middle and superior lobes, and corresponds where with the fissure in the left lung
closely
78
what does the other fissure of the right lung separate
the superior from the middle lobe
79
another term for lung roots
hilum
80
what is within the mediastinal surface of each lung
its root (hilum)
81
how is the lung connected to heart and trachea
by hilum
82
what is the root formed by
bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, bronchial arteries and veins, pulmonary plexuses of nerves, lymphatic vessels, bronchial lymph glands, and areolar tissue
83
what is everything that forms the root enclosed by
an extension of the pleura
84
what are the lungs composed of
pulmonary substance
85
what is the pulmonary substance composing the lungs called
parenchyma
86
what is the parenchyma composed of
secondary lobules
87
although the secondary lobules are closely connected together by an interlobular areolar tissue, they are what from each other
distinct
88
each secondary lobule is composed of several what
primary lobules
89
what are the anatomical units of the lungs
primary lobules
90
what does the primary lobule consists of
an alveolar duct and the associated alveoli
91
what convey the deoxygenated blood to the lungs
pulmonary arteries
92
what do the pulmonary arteries begin as
pulmonary trunk
93
what happens after the pulmonary trunk
it bifurcates in left and right branches
94
what do the left and right branches of the pulmonary trunk accompany
the bronchial tubes
95
what do the bronchial tubes end in
a dense capillary network in walls of alevoli
96
what commence in the pulmonary capillaries coalescing into larger branches
pulmonary veins
97
where do the pulmonary capillaries that coalesce into larger branches run
through substance of lung
98
what ultimately come into proximity with the arteries and bronchial tubes
pulmonary veins
99
what do the pulmonary veins accompany arteries and bronchial tubes to
the hilum of the lungs
100
where do the venous blood from the lungs pour into
left atrium of heart
101
how does the venous blood pour into the left atrium
by the pulmonary veins
102
how many pulmonary veins are there
4
103
what do the pulmonary veins carry
oxygenated blood
104
where does the heart lay
between lungs in the middle mediastinum
105
what is heart enclosed in
fluid-filled pericardium
106
what are the four anatomical layers of heart in order
pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
107
what forms the pericardial sac and contains pericardial fluid
pericardium
108
what is a cisceral connective tissue lying against the heart itself
epicardium
109
what is also known as heart muscle
myocardium
110
what is lining the inside of the heart
endocardium
111
how many chambers are in human heart
4
112
what are the four chambers
right and left atria, right and left ventricles
113
what do the 2 atria act as
collecting reservoirs for blood returning to heart
114
what do the 2 ventricles act as
pumps to eject the blood to the body
115
what are the 4 valves of heart
tricuspid, bicuspid, pulmonic semilunar, and aortic semilunar
116
how does deoxygenated blood return to heart
major veins
117
what are those major veins returning blood to heart
superior and inferior vena cava
118
what is the flow when entering right side heart
enters right atrium, passes into right ventricle, ejected into pulmonary artery to go to lungs
119
where does blood returning from lungs enter
left atrium
120
how does the blood get back into left atrium
pulmonary veins
121
where does blood go upon entering left atrium
left ventricle, ejected to aorta
122
what is the specialized vascular system through which the myocardium is vascularized termed
the coronary circulatory system
123
what are the major vessels of the coronary circulation
left main coronary and right main coronary
124
what does the left main coronary divide into
left anterior descending and circumflex branches
125
where do the left and right coronary arteries originate at
base of aorta
126
where do the left and bright coronary arteries and their branches lie
on surface of heart
127
the major coronary arteries branch into several _______ that ultimately branch into numerous __________
arterioles, capillaries
128
what do the capillaries do
feed heart muscle
129
where does capillary blood flow enter
venules
130
what join together to form cardiac veins
venules
131
what does the cardiac veins drain into
coronary sinus
132
where is coronary sinus located
posterior side of the heart
133
where does coronary sinus drain into
right atrium
134
what are the large vessels of thorax
great vessels
135
what are the significant arteries and veins included in great vessels
aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, and the pulmonary arteries
136
what is largest artery of body
aorta
137
where does aorta extend into
mediastinum
138
where from does the aorta extend into mediastinum
left ventricle
139
as aorta leaves the heart the vessels are termed the what
ascending aorta
140
as aorta turns inferiorly, what is it named
aortic arch
141
what is aorta terms when fully directed towards the inferior
descending aorta
142
what are the 3 branches that come off aorta arch
innominate artery, left common carotid, and left subclavian artery
143
what is another term for innominate artery
brachiocephalic trunk
144
where do all other arteries extending into neck and cranium originate from
the 3 vessels off of the aortic arch
145
what large veins receive deoxygenated blood from the body
superior and inferior vena cava
146
where does the SVC and IVC terminate at
right atrium
147
what is the superior vena cava formed by
union of right and left brachiocephalic veins
148
what is the only other venous pathway to the heart form the body
azygos vein
149
what is a small vein transporting deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen into SVC
azygos vein
150
why is the azygos vein named that
has no symmetrically equivalent vein on left side of body
151
what do pulmonary arteries begin as
one common extension of right ventricle
152
what is that one common extension of right ventricle named
pulmonary trunk
153
what are the only deoxygenated arteries of body
pulmonary arteries
