Spinal Flashcards
C2
Back of scalp
Dermatomes: C1
NONE
C3
Nape of neck
C4
Shoulders
C5
Lateral surface of arm
C6
Lateral digits
C7
Middle digit
C8
Medial digit
T1
Medial Elbow
T2
Axilla
T3
Stripe above nipple line on chest
T4
Nipple line
T5
Stripe just below nipple line
T6
Just above xiphoid
T7
Xiphoid
T8
Just below xiphoid
T9
Just above umbilicus
T10
Umbilicus
T11
Just below umbilicus
T12
Just above inguinal ligament
L1
Inguinal ligament and upper part of thigh
L2
Midthigh
L3
Lower thigh (still upper leg) ‘Knee’
L4
Medial knee to floor
L5
Lateral knee, side of leg to top of foot
S1
Posterior Knee, bottom foot, lateral foot/ankle, posterior calf
S2
Posterior knee, posterior thigh
S3
Outer circumference anus
S4
Closer circumference anus
S5
NONE
Sclerotome
vertebral column
Neural plate develops into
MOANER
macroglial cells oligodendrocytes astrocytes neurons CNS Ependymal cells Retinal cells
MOANER stands for
macroglial cells oligodendrocytes astrocytes neurons CNS ependymal cells retinal cells
ectoderm gives rise to
all neurons and supporting cells
notochord
induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm
ectoderm
forms neural plate
Neural plate
forms neural groove which houses the spinal cord and brain vesicles
neural crest develops into
branchial arches PNS schwann, pia, and arachnoid meninges spinal and autonomic ganglia mesencephalic nucleus of V melanocytes bones and connective tissue of head dorsal root ganglia ganglia of CN V, VII, IX, X adrenal gland medulla aka suprarenals
endoderm epithelium
forms the lining of the digestive tube and its associated structures, division foregut/midgut: liver and pancreatic buds
allantois
urinary bladder, vagina, urethra, prostate, and urethral glands
somite cells form
sclerotome
somite cells form sclerotomes but can also form what other 2 things
myotome (muscle) and dermatome (skin)
- Foramen ovale in embryo devlops into what as adult
fossa ovalis
- Ductus arteriosis in embryo devlops into what as adult
ligamentum arteriosum
- Ductus Venosus in embryo devlops into what as adult
Ligamentum venosum
- Umbilical Vein in embryo devlops into what as adult
ligamentum teres
- Umbilical arteries in embryo devlops into what as adult
medial umbilical ligaments
- Urachus in embryo devlops into what as adult
duct of allantos
Allantois means what (primitive foregut)
pee
urinary bladder, vagina, prostate, urethral gland
Simple squamous (filtration or diffusion)
capillaries, alveoli, glomeruli
Ciliated Epithelium (circulate, move, sweep/clean)
brain vesicles, oviduct, lungs
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar (lining)
trachea, upper respiratory tract
Non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar
vas deferens
vas deferens
connecting duct between urethra, and testes
Cranial nerve: Mandibular branch of V (V3)
Branchial Arch aka pharyngeal arch
1
Cranial nerve: Facial (VII)
Branchial Arch aka pharyngeal arch
2
Cranial nerve: Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Branchial Arch aka pharyngeal arch
3
Cranial nerve: Superior laryngeal of Vagus (x)
Branchial Arch aka pharyngeal arch
4
Cranial nerve: Inferior laryngeal of vagus (X) (recurrent branch)
Branchial Arch aka pharyngeal arch
6
Cranial nerve: Mandibular branch of V (V3)
Skeletal structures
Malleus (Meckels cartilage)
Incus (Quadrate cartilage)
Cranial nerve: Facial (VII)
Skeletal structures
Stapes, Styloid
Cranial nerve: Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Skeletal structures
Cornu, hyoid
Cranial nerve: Superior laryngeal of vagus (X)
Skeletal structures
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
Cranial nerve: Inferior laryngeal of Vagus (x)
Skeletal structures
Arytenoid
corniculate cartilage
cuneiform cartilage
Cranial nerve: Mandibular branch of V (V3)
Muscles
Muscles of MASTICATION
and jaw closing muscles
Cranial nerve: Facial (VII)
Muscles
Muscles of facial expression and jaw opening muscles
Stylohyoid, stapedius
Cranial nerve: Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Muscles
Stylopharyngeus
Cranial nerve: Superior laryngeal of vagus (X)
Muscles
pharyngeal, cricothyroid, levator palatine
Cranial nerve: Inferior laryngeal of Vagus (X)
Muscles
laryngeal
Glioblast
“Glue’
gives rise to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
Astrocyte
most numerous cell of cns
acts like connective tissue, part of BBB, forms ‘scar like’ tissue in injury
Oligodendrocyte
quite numerous but not as much as astro
forms MYELIN around cns
ependymal
line cns, ciliated, leaky barrier between CSF and CNS
Microglia aka
Gitterzellen
Microglia
not many
phagocyte
Neuroblast
make neurons
Neurons within the CNS “connector”
commissural
between two hemispheres
Neurons within the CNS “connector”
association
different parts same hemisphere
Neurons within the CNS “connector”
projection
lower centers to cerebral cortex
most common neurons in CNS
Multipolar
Gray matter
cell bodies and dendrites
White matter
Myelinated axons
Macroglia
astrocytes: BBB
oligodendrocytes: Myelin
Primary and Secondary Vesicles of the Brain and Differentiation
Mnemonic
Tel Di Mes Met My
Primary: Prosencephalon contains what 2 secondary components
Telenchephalon
Diencephalon
Primary: Mesencephalon contains what secondary component
Mesencephalon (same)
Primary: Rhombencephalon contains what 2 secondary components
Metencephalon
Myencephalon
What structures are from the telencephalon
forebrain (higher function)
What structures come from the diencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal, retina, mamillary body, posterior pituitary
What structures come from mesencephalon
midbrain
what structure comes from metencephalon
PONS and cerebellum
what structures come from Myelencephalon
Medulla Oblongata
what CN come from telecephalon
I
what CN come from Diencephalon
II
what CN come from Mesencephalon
III, IV
what CN come from Metencephalon
V, VI, VII, VIII
what CN come from Myelencephalon
IX, X, XI, XII
Telencephalon neural canal regions
Lateral ventricles separated by septum pellucidum
Diencephalon neural canal regions
Foramen of Monroe (aka interventricular foramen)= 1&2 to 3rd ventricle
Mesencephalon neural canal regions
cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
Metencephalon neural canal region
4th ventricle
Myelencephalon neural canal region
4th ventricle
Most common location for cerebral vascular accident (CVA)
middle cerebral artery
Telencephalon nuclei include
caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and basal ganglia
Mesencephalon nuclei include
substantia nigra and subthalamic
Corpus Striatum includes
head of the caudate and putamen
Lentiform nucleus includes
globus pallidus (medial) and putamen (lateral)
What forms anatomically around the pituitary gland and optic chiasm
circe of willis
what supplys the circe of willis
internal carotid and vertebral arteries
what forms the circe of willis
anterior and posterior cerebra, anterior and posterior communicating arteries
cerebral cortex aka
pallium
cerebral cortex is developed from what
neural plate
What is considered 90% of the cerebral cortex
neocortex (aka isocortex)
What is considered 10% of the cortex
allocortex
Diencephalon is mostly formed by what
thalamus
Diencephalon processes what infor
sensory information, sleep, and conciousness
Basal ganglia is responsible for what
postural adjustments, steadying of voluntary movements, and enkephalins
What contains reflex centers associated with respiration, CV and consciousness
brainstem
What nuclei does the brainstem include
CN III- CN XII
How much CSF in an adult
140-270 mL
Meninges from inside out
PAD
pia, arachnoid, dura mater
between arachnoid and pia
subarachnoid space
where a spinal tap is performed
subarachnoid space
inner most layer of neural tube
ependymal cell
produces CSF
choroid plexus
Resorbs- CSF
arachnoid granulations
How much CSF in the ventricles
Approx 25 ml
How many pair of spinal nerves
31
Dorsal roots are what
sensory (afferent)
Ventral roots
motor (efferent)
Spinal cord terminates at what level
L1/L2
What is the end of the spinal cord
conus medullaris
What forms the roots for lumbar, sacral,and coccygeal nerves
cauda equina
CSF exchange between 3rd and 4th ventricles
Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
Tegmentum, substantia nigra, crus cerebri, CN III and IV
Cerebral peduncle
Black color- dopamine from tyrosine, melanin is by product
substantia nigra
Part of cerebral peduncle- corticospinal, corticopontine, and corticomesencephalic
crus cerebri
integration of momentary static muscle contraction, joint tension, visual and auditory input regarding equilibrium
cerebellum
Medial portion of cerebellum
vermis
Coordination=
cerebellum
Anterior portion of cerebellum, general muscle tone
paleocerebellar
Posterior portion of cerebellum
coordination of skilled movement
neocerebellar
Equilibrium from cerebellum
archicerebellar
MC cell in cerebellum
purkinje
*Cerebellar Nuclei from medial to lateral and small to large
Fastigial
Globus
Emboliform
Dentate
Flowers grow every day
Smallest cerebellar nuclei
fastigial
Largest cerebellar nuclei
Dentate
Most medial cerebellar nuclei
Fastigial
Most lateral cerebellar nuclei
dentate
- Deiter’s nuclei
lateral vestibular
- Meynert’s nuclei
forebrain has ACH
- Raphe nuclei
medulla oblongata, serotonin
- Lenticular nuclei
part of corpus striatum
Centromedian nucleus of thalamus
largest intralaminar of dorsal thalamus
Crude sensation, integration, “relay center”
Thalamus
Conscious interpretation and movement
Cortex
Through internal capsule and corona radiata
main pathway between thalamus and cortex
primary SENSORY cortex
postcentral gyrus
Primary MOTOR cortex
precentral gyrus
T/F Upper motor neuron lesion (UMNL) has reflexes (babinski)
T
T/F Lower motor neuron lesion (LMNL) has reflexes (babinski)
F
NO REFLEXES
T/F Upper motor neuron lesion (UMNL) has increased superficial reflexes (bilaterally)
F
Decreased superficial reflexes bilaterally
T/F Lower motor neuron lesion (LMNL) has decreased superficial reflexes (unilateral)
True
This is also true of UMNL
Which descending motor tract is considered pyramidal (conscious)
Corticospinal
Which descending motor tract is considered extrapyramidal (unconscious)
Reticulospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal
What are the names of the ascending tracts
Lateral spinothalamic anterior spinothalamic dorsal columns (cuneatus and gracillis) anterior spinocerebellar spinotectal spinoreticular
what is the function of the corticospinal tract
precise and skilled voluntary movement
function of reticulospinal tract
inhibit or facilitate voluntary movement
function of tectospinal tract
reflex postural movement to visual stimuli
rubrospinal function
facilitates flexors
inhibits extensors
vestibulospinal tract function
facilitates extensors
inhibits flexors
Origin and destination of corticospinal tract
primary motor cortex, secondary motor cortex and parietal lobe
internunical neurons or alpha motor neurons
Origin and destination of reticulospinal tract
reticular formation
alpha and gamma motor neurons
origin and destination of tectospinal tract
superior colliculus (midbrain)
alpha and gamma motor neurons
origin and destination of rubrospinal tract
red nucleus (midbrain)
alpha and gamma motor neurons
Vestibulospinal tract origin and destination
lateral vestibular nucleus
alpha and gamma motor neurons
where do most corticospinal tract fibers cross
at decussation of pyramids and descent as lateral corticospinal tract
Where does the reticulospinal tract cross
at various locations
Information from where is received by the rubrospinal tract
cerebral and cerebellar information
Vestibulospinal tract receives information from where
inner ear (via vestibular nerves) and cerebrallar information
function of lateral spinothalamic tract
pain and temp
function of anterior spinothalamic tract
crude light touch, pain, temp
Function of dorsal columns (gracilis and cuneatus)
discriminative 2 point touch
vibration
conscious proprioception
what two ascending tracts function is unconscious proprioception
posterior spinocerebellar
anterior spinocerebellar
function of spinotectal tract
spinovisual reflex
function of spinoreticular tract
levels of consciousness
when you see tract of Lissauer think what
PAIN
substance P
Clark’s column pathway is associated with what two ascending tracts
posterior spinocerebellar
anterior spinocerebellar
difference between pathways of anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts
Posterior spinocerebellar: through inferior cerebellar peduncle
anterior spinocerebellar: crosses segmentally and through superior cerebellar peduncle
Clarks columns of posterior spinocerebellar spans
C8-L4
Clark’s column of anterior spinocerebellar spans
C8-L4 BUT
some fibers dont cross
Cuneatus is found at what level
above T6
Gracilis is found at what level
Below T6
Which ascending tract has movements of the eyes and head towards the stimulus
spinotectal
tactile sensations
anterior spinothamic
AKA spino-quadrigeminal system of mott
spinotectal tract
PNS has what kind of cells
Schwann cells
P.S. I love you, my swan and myelin (nodes of ranvier)
Is PNS mostly myelinated or unmyelinated
myelinated axons
unipolar cells are found where in the PNS
posterior root ganglion
Bipolar cells in the PNS are mostly found where
retina and sensory ganglia of cochlear and vestibular nerves
Spinal root for lesser occipital
C2 C3
Spinal root for Greater auricular
C2, C3
Spinal root for Transverse Cervical
C2, C3
Spinal root for Supraclavicular
C3, C4
Spinal root for ansa cervicalis
C1-C4
Spinal root for Segmental branches
C1-C5
*Spinal root for phrenic
C3, C4, C5
Keep the diaphragm alive!
Spinal root for femoral n.
L2-L4
Spinal root for Obturator N.
L2-L4
Spinal root for Lateral Femoral Cutaneous N.
L2, L3
23 and too cute for me
Spinal root for Iliohypogastric N
L1
Spinal root for Ilioinguinal N
L1
Spinal root for Genitofemoral N
L1, L2
*Spinal root for Sciatic N.
L4, L5, S1-S3
Spinal root for Tibial N
L4-S3
Spinal root for Common peroneal (fibular)
L4-S2
Spinal root for superficial peronieal aka fibular
L4-S2
Spinal root for Superior gluteal N
L4, L5, S1
Spinal root for Inferior gluteal n
L5-S2
Spinal root for Pudendal N
S2-S4
S2,3,4 keep pee off the floor
Parasympathetics include what cranial nerves
CNIII, CN VII, CN IX, CNX
but mostly CNX
Short preganglionic nerve, long post ganglionic nerve
sympathetics
Long preganglionic nerve fiber, short postgangionic nerve fiber
Parasympathetic
Post gang neurotransmitter of sympathetics
NE
Post Gang neurotransmitter of parasympathetics
Ach
mnemonic for brachial plexus
rugby teams drink cold beer
roots, trunks, division, cords, branches
CN 1
olfactory
CN II
Optic
CN III
Oculomotor
CN IV
Trochlear
CN V
Trigeminal
CN VI
abducens
CN VII
Facial
CN VIII
Vestibular-cochlear
CN IX
glossopharyngeal
CN X
Vagus
CN XI
Accessory
CN XII
hypoglossal
Foramen of CN exit or path is referred to by which mnemonic
come on sofia sofia sofia roll over sofia i am in a (mood for) jugs jugs jugs, hello
Foramen of exit for CN I
Cribriform plate
Foramen of exit for CN II
Optic canal
Foramen of exit for CN III
Superior orbital fissure aka SOF
Foramen of exit for CN IV
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen of exit for CN V (V1, V2, V3)
Superior orbital fissure v1
foramen rotundum V2
foramen ovale V3
V1 of the trigeminal nerve is called
ophthalmic
V2 of the trigeminal nerve is called
Maxillary
V3 of the trigeminal nerve is called
mandibular
Foramen of exit for CN VI
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen of exit for CN VII
Internal auditory meatus exits through styloid mastoid
Foramen of exit for CN VIII
Internal auditory meatus
Foramen of exit for CN IX
Jugular foramen
temporal + occipital = jugular
what makes up the jugular foramen*
temporal and occipital
Foramen of exit for CN X
Jugular foramen
Foramen of exit for CN XI
Jugular foramen
Foramen of exit for CN XII
Hypoglossal canal
mnemonic for function of cranial nerves
some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter most
(S= sensory, M= motor, B= Both)
CN I function
sensory, smell
CN II function
sensory, vision
CN III function
Motor - eye muscles EXCEPT
SO4 LR6 R3
What does SO4 LR6 R3 refer to?
Oculomotor nerve function is motor supply to all eye muscles except superior oblique which is supplied by CN IV, and lateral rectus which is supplied by CN VI. The REST are supplied by CN III (oculomotor)
CN IV function
Motor- superior oblique (of eye)
CN V function
Sensory-face and tongue
Motor- mastication
‘tic doulaoureux’
(Both)
CN VI function
motor, lateral rectus
CN VII
Both
Sensory- anterior 2/3 taste (sweet, salty, sour)
Motor- Facial expression
CN VIII function
Sensory- balance and hearing
CN IX function
Both
sensory- posterior 1/3 taste (bitter)
motor- secretion of parotid
CN X function
both
sensory- bitter taste epiglottis, external acoustic meatus
motor- pharynx, larynx
CN XI function
motor- SCM, Trapezius
CN XII function
Motor- tongue
Nucleus of CN III
Edinger westphal nucleus
Smallest CN
CN IV
CN that does not synapse in thalamus
CN I
CN that is responsible for opening eye
CN III
Ganglion of CN V
Gasserian Semilunar or Trigeminal Ganglion
largest CN
CN V
CN responsible for closing eye
CN VII
Nucleus of CN VII
Superior salvatory nucleus
Bell’s palsy is in relation to which CN
CN VII
Ganglion of CN VIII
Vestibular ganglion (of scarpa!!!)*
Nucleus of CN IX
nucleus ambiguous (inferior salvatory)
Nucleus of CN X
parasympathetic dorsal motor nucleus
Nucleus of CN XI
nucleus ambiguous
Nucleus of CN XII
Hypoglossal nucleus
If CN X is weak, the uvula will deviate in what direction
away from side of weakness (lesion)
If CN IX is weak, tongue will deviate to what side
towards side of weakenss
toward-tongue
Middle meningeal artery exits where
foramen spinosum
If there is a question about which bone a CN passes through, take a guess. one bone has a lot more holes than the other. what is it
Sphenoid!
Sympathetic axons of the ANS are what levels
T1-L2/L3
Parasympathetic of the ANS include what levels
CN III, VII, IX, X
S2-S4
Enteric division includes the GI tract and what two neurons (ganglia)
Auerbach’s and Meissner’s
Auerbach’s aka
Myenteric
Meissner’s aka
submucosal
Auerbach’s is for motor innervation of what
both layers of tunica muscularis- para and symp input
Meissner’s contains only what type of fibers
parasympathetic only
secretomotor to lumen
How many NT in the enteric division
over 30
95% serotonin and 50% dopamine is found where
bowels
enteric division
what percent of our immune systems depend on the gut to kill invaders
70%
what is considered the second brain of the body
enteric division (gut)
Ossification of skull begins when
7-8 wks embryo
Coronal suture divides what
frontal and parietal
Sagittal suture divides what
2 parietals
Lambdoidal suture divides what
parietal and occipital
Squamous suture divides what
temporal and parietal
What bone is NOT a part of the orbit
nasal bone
How many teeth at age 3
20
How many adult teeth
32
Top- bottom what is a tooth composed of
enamel- dentin- pulp (contains nerves and vessels)- cementum- root
EDPCR
how many primary ossification centers in the vertebral column
3
how many secondary ossification centers in the vertebral column
five secondary
where are the primary ossification centers located
1- body
1 on each vertebral arch (totals 2)
Where are the secondary ossification centers located
1- tip of spinous
2- transverse process
2- annular ring epiphysis (sup. and inf. aspect)
lumbars have how many ossification centers instead of the total of 8
10 total (2 extra because of mamillary processes)
typical ribs
3-9
atypical ribs
1, 2, 10, 11, 12
shortest rib
1
rib that has serratus anterior tuberosity
rib 2
ribs with no neck or tubercle. considered floating ribs
11, 12
ribs 11, and 12 articulate with what only
vertebral body
manubrium is what
top of sternum (contains jugular notch, and angle of louis)
2nd rib attachment is called what
angle of louis
sternum aka
Gladiolus
Sternum is located at what vertebral level
T5-9
Base of the sacrum contains what feature
sacral promontory
ala of sacrum is known as what
wings
sacral foramina have what special function
branches of sacral spinal nerves pass through them
apex of sacrum articulates with what
coccyx
Hyoid bone is at what cervical landmark
C3
Cornu of thyroid is at what cervical landmark
C4
Body of thyroid is at what cervical landmark
C5
Cricoid cartilage is at what cervical landmark
C6
Carotid tubercle is at what cervical landmark
C6
How many atypical vertebra in adult
9
C2-C6 are collectively referred to as what
Joints of Luska
What is the lowest level vertebral artery
C6
What body shape of Cervicals
Oval
Whats the body shape of thoracics
heart
Whats the body shape of lumbars
bean
C1 superior articulating facet
BUM
C2 superior articulating facet
BUL
C3-C6 superior articulating facet
BUM
C7 superior articulating facet
BUM
T1-T11 superior articulating facet
BUL
T12 superior articulating facet
BUL
L1-L5 superior articulating facet
BUM
S1 superior articulating facet
BUM
C1 Inferior articular facet
BMD
C2 Inferior articular facet
FOLD
C3-C6 Inferior articular facet
FOLD
C7 Inferior articular facet
FOLD
T1-T11 Inferior articular facet
FOLD
T12 Inferior articular facet
FOLD
L1-L5 Inferior articular facet
FOLD
S1 Inferior articular facet
NONE
which artery traverses through the suboccipital triangle
vertebral artery
which nerve traverses through the suboccibital triangle
suboccipital nerve
name the superior, lateral boarder of the suboccipital triangle
superior oblique
name the medial boarder of the suboccipital triangle
rectus capitis posterior major
Name the inferior, lateral border of the suboccipital triangle
inferior oblique
lateral to medial erector spinae muscles
i love sex
iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis
rectus abdominis origin
pubic crest and pubic symphysis
rectus abdominis insertion
xipoind and 5-7 costal cartilages
Rectus abdominis nerve
intercostal n. (T7-T11)
subcostal n. (T12)
- cremaster origin
inguinal ligament
lower internal oblique
*cremaster insertion
pubic tubercle and crest
*cremaster nerve
genitofemoral n.
*cremaster action
retracts testes
*psoas major origin
Tp’s, bodies, and discs of T12-L5
Psoas major insertion
lesser trochanter
Psoas major nerve
L2, L3
Psoas major action
flexes thigh and trunk
what pierces the psoas major muscle*****
FEMORAL NERVE
*piriformis origin
anterior sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament
Piriformis insertion
greater trochanter
Piriformis nerve
S1-S2
Piriformis action
external rotation of hip, abduction of thigh
what muscles make up the levator ani
pubococcygeus
puborectalis
iliococcygeus
levator ani origin
1, 2 pubis
3 pelvic fascia tendinous arch and ischial spine
levator ani insertion
coccyx
U shaped rectal sling
coccyx and anococcygeal ligament
levator ani nerve
S3, S4 and puedendal
Levator ani action
supports pelvic viscera
resists increased abdominal pressure
completes pelvic floor
Coccygeus origin
ischial spine and sacrospinous ligament
coccygeus insertion
lower sacrum and coccyx
Coccygeus nerve
S4-5
coccygeus action
Supports and pulls coccyx anteriorly
deep transversus perinei action
supportive role only
anterior longitudinal ligament aka
atlanto occipital ligament
ALL goes from where to where
atlas- occiput
Posterior longitudinal ligament aka
membrane tectoria ligament
PLL goes from where to where
axis to occiput
Ligamentum flavum aka
yellow ligament
ligamentum flavum goes from where to where
lamina to lamina
interspinous ligament is thickest where
lumbars
Supraspinous ligament aka
ligamentum nuchae
Supraspinous ligament goes from where to where
C7- occiput
What ligament holds the dens
transverse ligament
Cruciform ligament goes from where to where
C2-occiput
Alar ligament goes from where to where
dens to occiput
alar ligament aka
check ligament (limits rotation)
what ligament limits rotation
alar ligament
apical dental ligament goes from where to where
tip of dens to rim of occiput
denticulate ligament means
‘toothed’
anchors spinal cord to the bony vertebral canal
Which ligaments can affect the IVF
ligamentum flava and posterior longitudinal ligament
which ligaments are involved in spinal canal stenosis
ligamentum flava and posterior longitudinal ligament
least numerous taste buds, bitter
circum vallate
most numerous taste buds, tip of tongue
fungiform
posterior roof of mouth and lateral margins are what taste receptor
foliate
which taste receptors have no taste, but are sensitive to touch
filiform
embryonic thyroid diverticulum (dorsal depression of tongue)
foramen caecum
limbic area, contains granular, mitral and tufted cells and a glomerulus
olfactory bulb
retina develops from where
ectoderm
sclera is derived from what
dura
a blind spot is attributed to what structure
optic disc
what muscle controls the shape of the lens of the eye
ciliary muscle
middle ear to nasopharyngeal area
auditory tube
auditory tube aka
eustachian tube
intraocular pressure
glaucoma
vitreous humor of the eye is located where directionally
posterior
aqueous humor of the eye is located where directionally
anterior
IVD remnant
nucleus pulposus
structures that contain endolymph
scala media
saccule
utricle
semicircular duct
