General Anatomy Flashcards
Shortest muscle
stapedius
Longest muscle
Sartorius
agonistic means
prime mover
synergistic means
supports movement
Antagonistic
opposite mover
internal organs being to form when
2 months
Efferent cranial nerves develop where
basal plate
thymus gland is found where
3rd pharyngeal pouch
Pharyngeal tonsil is found where
2nd pharyngeal pouch
myoblasts make what
smooth or cardiac muscle in the embryonic mesoderm
Mesodermal (somites) make
skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle structure
striated and multinucleated
Cardiac muscle structure
striated and uninuclleated in the intercalated discs
Smooth muscle structure
spindle shape with central nuclei
Bone growing inside a suture is called
wormian bone
Synarthrosis
immovable
what type of functional class is a suture
synarthrosis (no movement)
Gomphoses refers to
teeth, styloid process in temporal bone
What functinal class is gomphoses
synarthrosis
Syncondroses is what
epiphyseal plate
synchondroses is under what functional class
synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis is what heading functional class
slightly moveable
between shafts of distal unla and radius, distal articulation tibia and fibula is collectively known as what
syndesmoses
What functional class is syndesmosis
amphiarthrosis
symphysis of pubis and IVD are collectively known as what
symphysis
symphysis is under what functional class
amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis is what type of movement
synovial joints- freely moveable
knee, elbow, phalanges, TMJ are all considered what specific category of diathrosis joint
hinge
diarthrosis
Hinge aka
ginglymus
atlas and axis, proximal radiounlar joints are all what subcategory of diarthrosis
pivot
Diarthrosis
Pivot AKA
Trochoid
between carpals and tarsals, sternoclavicular, and costovertebral joints are all considered what subcategory of diarthrosis
Gliding
thumb is considered what subcategory of diarthrosis
saddle
diarthrosis
saddle aka
sella
radiocarpal, atlanto-occipital are which subcategory of diarthrosis
ellipsoid
diarthrosis
ellipsoid aka
condyloid
hip and shoulder (greatest range of motion) is what subcategory of diarthrosis
ball and socket
diarthrosis
ball and socket aka
spheroid
Thumb action effected by the radial nerve
extension
example of uniaxial
elbow (1 degree of freedom)
example of biaxial
hand, tmj (2 degrees of freedom)
example of multiaxial
shoulder (3 degrees of freedom)
Motions of the thumb can be remembered by RUM
radial n
ulnar n
median n
skull is considered what structural class of suture
fibrous suture
teeth or gomphoses are considered what structural class
fibrous
syndesmoses or the articulation between the radius and ulna is considered what structural class
fibrous
what structural class is synchondroses
cartilaginous
what structural class is symphysis
cartilagenous
what structural class are the diarthrodial joints in
ligamentous and synovial (Elvis the pelvis)
rim of fibrocartilage around gleonid fossa of shoulder
glenoid labrum
sprain
ligament damage
strain
tendon injury
sTrain= tendon
location of osgood schlatters disease
patellar ligament
unhappy triad includes what ligaments
medial meniscus
anterior cruciate ligament
medial collateral ligament
Which is a more common tear in general, lateral or medial meniscus
lateral meniscus
of the foot which is more common to injure oneself. inversion or eversion
inversion
What does the word deltoid literally mean
mother
knowing that deltoid means mother, which of the following is not a part of the deltoid ligament. tibia or fibula
fibula. it will always include tibia
what is the strongest ligament of the ankle or foot
deltoid ligament
what is the most commonly injured ligament of the ankle or foot
lateral ligament
cartilage is replaced by bone
endochondral ossification
membranous bone (ie parietal)
intramembranous ossification
Forms haversian canal
compact bone
compact bone aka
lamellae
betwen lamellae
lacunae
mature cells in lacunae
osteocytes
allows osteocytes in lacunae to ‘talk’ with eachother
canaliculi
aka spongy bone
canellous bone
what part of bone is the only part able to feel pain
periosteum
major inorganic component of bone
hydroxyapatite
oral cavity and anal canal cells are what type of cell
stratified squamous
striated multinucleated is describing what type of muscle
skeletal muscle
neurotransmitter storage
terminal button
nerve and skin develop where in embryo
ectoderm
key word; saddle think
thumb
key word; sella think
thumb
key word ellipsoid think
condyloid
key word; pivot think
C1-C2
key work; symphysis think
IVD
Key word spheroid think
hip
key word; gomphosis think
teeth
key workd hinge think
ginglymus
what is the division of the foregut and midgut
liver and pancreatic buds
resists anterior translation and medial rotation of tibia in relation to femur
anterior cruciate
prevents femur from sliding off anterior edge of tibia and prevents tibia from displacing posterior to femur
posterior cruciate
resists forces that would push knee medially
medial collateral
keeps outer side of the knee joint stable
lateral collateral
distributes over fifty percent of the medial support of the elbow
ulnar collateral
protects elbow joint from twisting forces genereated in pitching, serving a tennis ball, or throwing a javelin
ulnar collateral
remains taut throughout extension and flexion of the joint
radial collateral
wraps around the head of radius and attaches to ulna, stabilizes radius in radial notch and allows for rotating hand
annular collateral
hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and common bile duct are called
portal triad
connects ciliary body with crystalline lens of eye
zonule of zinn
how many bones in the appendicular skeleton
126
206 total so in axial skeleton 206-126=80
axial skeleton has 80 bones which incudes *
skull, spine, ossicles of middle ear, hyoid, ribs and sternum
everything else is appendicular skeleton*
memorize one to know the other
What level is the spine of the scapula when pt is standing or sitting upright
T7
What level is the spine of the scapula when the pt is laying prone
T6
What bone of the scapula has root at T3
spine of scap
Most lateral superior boarder of scapula
acromion
Pectroalis minor, coracobrachialis, short head of the biceps all attach here
coracoid of scapula
superior boarder of scap
scapular notch
coracoclavicular ligament attachment. 1st bone to ossify
conoid (of clavical)
‘sit’ attachment
greater tubercle of humerus
subscapular attachment
lesser tubercle of humerus
roughened attachement for deltoid
deltoid tuberosity of humerus
bicipital tendon location
intertubercular groove of humerus
ulnar nerve transverses
medial epicondyle of humerus
groove for radial nerve (post humeral)
lateral epicondyle
articulates with radius
capitulum of humerus
articulates with the ulna
trochlea of humerus
houses olecranon process of ulna
olecranon fossa of humerus
depression on head of radius
fovea of radius
attachement for biceps muscle
radial tuberosity
articulates with ulna
ulnar notch
at the wrist on radius
styloid process
locator for lunate bone
lister’s tubercle on radius
elbow large process is called
olecranon process
what is common name for semilunar notch (aka trochelar notch) hinge area
elbow
anterior boarder of elbow
coronoid of ulna
lateral coronoid process of ulna
radial notch
located at the wrist
head of ulna
separates ulna and carpals
styloid process
proximal row of hand bones from lateral to medial
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
another name for the scaphoid bone in hand
navicular
distal row of hand bones from lateral to medial
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
what is another name for trapezium bone of hand
Greater multangular
What is another name for the trapezoid bone of the hand
lesser maltangular bone
what is the mc subluxated bone of the hand
lunate
what is the ‘keystone’ bone of the hand
lunate
Snuff box boarders*
extensor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
abductor pollicis longus
Floor of the snuff box*
scaphoid bone
what can be found in the snuff box*
radial pulse
OA effects which joints
DIP PIP
RA effects which joints
PIP MCP
sciatic nerve runs through what bony landmark of the ilium
iliopectineal line (aka arcuate line)
greater sciatic notch is located where on the ilium
medial posterior
posterior gluteal line is located where on the ilium
posterior
pudendal nerve is located in what landmark on the ischium
lesser sciatic notch
bears the weight of the body when steated is what part of the ischium
ischial tuberosity
large opening/ pubis ischium
obturator forament
where the ilium, ischium and pubis meet at the femur
acetabulum
lateral side of femur head
greater trochanter of femur
medial side of femur
lesser trochanter of femur
between the trochanters of the femur
intertrochanteric line/crest of femur
posterior (inferior to gluteal tuberosity) of femur
linea aspera of femur
mediallly located on femur
adductor tubercle
between condyles of tibia
intercocndylar eminence of tibia
paterllar ligament attachment
tibial tuberosity of tibia
medial and distal on tibia
medial malleolus of tibia
posterior of tibia
soleal line of tibia
proximal lateral common perneal nerve
head of fibula
lateral and distal on fibula
lateral malleolus of fibula
3 cuneiform bones of foot
lateral cuneiform aka
3rd
intermediate cuneiform aka
2nd
medial cuneiform aka
1st
what bone of the foot is lateral to the 3rd or lateral cuneiform bone
cuboid
what bone of the foot is just posterior to the 1st and 2nd cuneiform bones
navicular
which bones of the foot make up the heel and ankle
talus and calcaneus
how many tarsal bones total
7
how many beats per minute does the heart have on average
75 beats/min
how many mL of blood does the heart pump in every beat
70-80 mL
right auricle is located where in the heart
superior corner of right atrium
what is the C shaped ridge of the right atrium called
crista terminalis
where are the trabeculae carnae located
ventricles
what is unique about the right pulmonary artery
deoxygenated
what is unique about the pulmonary vein
oxygenated
the tricuspid valve is located at what intercostal space
5th
moderator band is located where inside the heart
right ventricle
ligamentum arteriosum is located where
inferior to the arch of the aorta
pulmonary semilunar valve is located at what intercostal space
2nd
bicuspid valve aka mitral valve is located at which intercostal space
5th mid clavicular
apex of the heart is located at which intercostal space
5th left intercostal space near diaphragm
Save A Lady Falling Out (of a) Plane Super Man
is a mnumonic for what
branches off the external carotid artery
what are the branches off the external carotid artery
Superior thyroid, Ascending Pharyngeal, Lingual, Facial, Occipital, Posterior auricular
terminates as: Superficial temporal arteries and Maxillary artery
Branches off the aschending aorta and aortic arch
coronary arteries, brachiocephalic, left common carotid, lefft subclavian
what is another name for the brachiocephalic artery
right common carotid and right subclavian make up the brachiocephalic
Branches off the abdominal aorta
celiac trunk: left gastric, common hepatic and splenic.
superior mesenteric: goes to the small intestine, middle, right and iliocolic.
inferior mesenteric: left colic, sigmoid and superior rectal
what is mediastinum
central compartment around thoracic cavity. intrapleural space in the thorax
first rib- strenal angle- T4-T5 disc is location of what
superior mediastinum
anterior to the pericardium is location of what
anterior mediastinum
between right and left pleural cavities is location of what
middle mediastinum
posterior to the pericardium between the mediastinal pleurae
posterior mediastinum
contents of which mediastinum include
superior vena cava (upper 1/2), ARCH OF AORTA, trachea, internal thoracic artery and vein, brachicephalic artery and vein, left common carotid, subclavian, throacic duct, esophagus, thyroid, vagus nerve, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, thymic remnants, phrenic nerve
superior mediastinum
contents of which mediastinum include
thymic remnants (commonly in superior medastinum) lymph nodes (few) fat and loose connective tissue, and sternopericardial ligaments
anterior mediastinum
contents of which mediastinum include
heart, pericardium, ascending aorta, superior vena cava (lower 1/2), right and left pulmonary arteries and veins, phrenic nerve, great vessels, arch of the azygous vein, and mani bronci
middle mediastinum
contents of which mediastinum include
esophagus, descending thoracic aorta, azygous and hemiazygous vein, accessory azygous vein, thoracic duct, sympathetic trunk, splanchnic and vagus nerve
posterior mediastinum
ducks and goose
which organ stores RBC
spleen
what produces lymphcytes and antibodies
spleen
what contains rbcs and wbc pulp
spleen
organs include spleen, tonsils, thymus, and bone marrow are considered what
lymph
what is another name for cell body (2)
perikaryon
soma
what does the cell body contain
nucleus
what is the impulse generator of the nerve
axon
neurotransmitters are stored where in the nerve
terminal button
what ion must you have to release NT
calcium
Sclerotome think
vertebral column
myotome think
muscle
dermatome think
dermis of skin
nerve and skin are
ectoderm
air and gut are
endoderm
everything else is
mesoderm
enteric nervous system aka
intrinsic nervous system
subdivision of autonomic nervous system
enteric nervous system
directly controls gastrointestinal system (embedded in lining)
enteric nervous system
what initiates the digestive process
oral cavity and pharynx
60-70% saliva come from what gland
submandibular gland
20-30% saliva comes from what gland
parotid gland
double fold peritoneum transmits vessels, nerves, and lymph tissue
mesenteries
left lobe of the liver> diaphragm
falciform ligament
right lobe of the liver > diaphragm
coronary ligament
lies in liver fissure (remnant of ductus venosus)
liagmentum venosum
extends from liver to the lesser curve of the stomach
lesser omentum
extends from the greater curve over the abdominal viscera
greater omentum
mucous lining with many folds in stomach
rugae
what type of cells are found in the stomach
parietal aka oxyntic
what do parietal cells in stomach secrete
HCL and IF
intrinsic factor
where are cheif cells found
stomach
cheif cells aka
zymogenic cells
chief cells secrete what
pepsinogen
what stimulates hunger
ghrelin
how long is the duodenum
10 inches
how long is the jejunum
8 feet
how long is the ileum
12 feet
what increases surface area of small intestines for absorption
brush boarder
what are the folds in the small intestines called
plicae circulare
epithelial cells in small intestine secrete what
CCK
CCK squeezes what organ
gallbladder
what is considered the blind pouch of the large intestine
cecum
what is the hollow part of the large intestine
appendix
what is responsible for immune system in large intestine
appendix
columns of Mrgagni for expansion of large intestine are found where
rectum and anus
for wide diameter poops
largest visceral organ
liver
largest gland in the entire body
liver
contains round ligament
falciform ligament of liver
ligamentum teres aka
round ligament
right lobe of liver is which segments
anterior and posterior
left lobe of liver is divided into what
caudate and quadrate lobes
medial and lateral segments
what organ produces bile
liver
what organ stores glycogen, vitamins, iron, and copper
liver
contracts to expel bile
gallbladder
bile secreted in gallbladder when what is present
CCK
bile is responsible for what action
emulsify fat
Retroperitoneal list “D CUPS DAKRI’**
duodenum, ascending colon, ureter, pancreas, suprarenals, descneding colon, aorta, kidney, rectum, inferior vena cava
* know what is or is not retroperitoneal
Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid and Maxillary are all what
sinuses
what is the roof of the nasal cavity
cribriform plate
larynx is composed of what
pharynx and trachea
what controls the stream of air
true vocal cords
what houses palatine tonsils
palatoglossus
nasopharynx is closed by which two muscles during swallowing
mylohyoid and digastric
esophagus is composed of what muscle type
smooth and skeletal
how many cartilaginous rings in trachea
16-20
what does the trachea span from
cricoid to bronchi (C6-T5)
Marks division of trachea into primary bronchi
carina
which bronchi is shorter, wider, and vertical
right bronchi
which bronchi is longer, narrow, and horizontal
left bronchi
which lung is more prone to different pathologies
right lung
right lung has how many different lobes and what are they called
3
superior, middle, inferior lobes
what are the right lung lobes separated by
oblique and horizontal fissures
how many lobes does the left lung have and names
2
upper lobe
lower lobe
what does the upper lobe of the left lung contain
cardiac notch and lingula
what is the left lung lobes divided by
oblique fissure only
what is located between the left and caudate lobes of the liver
gallbladder
Epitheal tissue lines what
organs and glands
what squamous cell type allows for gas exchange
simple squamous
location of alveoli and capillaries
simple squamous
GI tract is lined with what type of cells
simple columnar
small bronchi and uterine tubes are lined with what type of cell
ciliated columnar
respiratory tract is lined with what type of cell
pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells
distention is allowed by what cell type
transitional
functional unit is the nephron
kidney
which kidney is lower than the other
right kidney is lower
what is the order of anatomy in the kidney
medullary pyramids> minor calyces> major calyces> renal pelvis> ureter> bladder
The renal pyramids are located in what
medulla of kidney
pH of semen
7.2
what cells make testosterone
interstital cells of leydig
what hormone controls spermatogenesis
FSH
What hormone causes the secreting testosterone by interstitial cells of leydig
LH
predominate in pregnancy hormone
progesterone
secreted by corpus luteum
estrogen 1
progesterone 2nd
proliferation is caused by what hormone
estrogen
secretion is caused by what hormone
progesterone
what hormone causes enlargement of uterus
estrogen
what hormone maintains and prevents degeneration of reproductive organs secreted by corpus luteum
estrogen
what does non-gravid mean
not pregnant
what is secreted by the corpus luteum in the 2nd 1/2 of the cycle
progesterone
what increses in pregnancy
progesterone
matures follice and proliferation in non-gravid uterus
FSH
stimulates pre-ovulating follicle cuasing rupture of follicle and ovulation
LH
maintains corpus luteum
HCG
what hormone is detected in home pregnancy tests
HCG
plane separating body into right and left equally
mid-sagittal plane
plane separating body into left and right not equally
para-sagittal
plane separating body into superior and inferior
transverse
plane separating the body into anterior and posterior
coronal
what another name for coronal plane
frontal plane
what artery is found within the carotid triangle
carotid artery branches
anterior border of carotid triangle
superior belly omohyoid
posterior border of carotid triangle
SCM
superior border of carotid triangle
posterior belly of digastric
submandibular triangle contains what gland
submandibular gland
anterior border of submandibular triangle
anterior belly of digastric
posterior border of submandibular triangle
posterior belly of digastric
superior border of submandibular triangle
lower border of mandible
area of lung ascultation, located near inferior angle of scapula
triangle of auscultation
superior border of triangle of ascultation
trapezius
inferior border of triangle of auscultation
latissimus dorsi
Lateral aspect of triangle of auscultation
scapula
floor of triangle of auscultation
lower border of mandible
posterior circumflex humeral artery and axillary nerve are both found in which space
quadrangular space
superior boundary of quadrangular space
teres minor
inferior boundary of quadrangular space
teres major
medial boundary of quadrangular space
long head of triceps
lateral boundary of quadrangular space
humerus
what space contains circumflex scapular artery
triangular space
what is the difference between the triangular space and the quadrangular space?
only difference is quadrangular space has lateral boarder
superior boundary of triangular space
teres minor
inferior boundary of triangular space
teres major
lateral boundary of triangular space
long head of triceps
used clinically as a point of tenderness in appendicitis
McBurney’s point
anterior abdominal wall on right side, between right ASIS and umbilicus
McBurney’s point boundaries
How many regions of the abdomen
9
what are the left 3 regions of the abdomen
left hypochondriac, left lumbar, left iliac
what are the middle 3 regions of the abdomen
epigastric, umnbilical, hypogastric
what are the right 3 regions of the abdomen
right hypochondric, right lumbar, right iliac
what are the names of the 4 quadrants of the abdomen
lower left, lower right, left upper, right upper
how many quadrants in the abdomen
4
contains median nerve and tendons of flexors of digits
carpal tunnel*
borders of carpal tunnel
flexor retinaculum and carpal bones*
femoral nerve and artery, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and femoral canal are all found in what triangle
femoral triangle
superior border of femoral triangle
inguinal ligament
medial border of femoral triangle
adductor longus
lateral border of femoral triangle
sartorius
location of direct inguinal hernia
Hesselbach’s Triangle
lateral border of Hesselbach’s triangle
inferior epigastric artery
medial border of Hesselbach’s triangle
rectus abdominis
inferior border of Hesselbach’s triangle
inguinal ligament
Hernias through Hesselbach’s triangle are due to weakness or defect in what
lower abdominal wall
what gland is the size of a pea
pituitary gland
which gland is located at the bottom of hypothalamus, base of brain, in sella turcica
pituitary
which gland is covered by dural fold
pituitary
sella turcica is located in what bone
sphenoid
largest endocrine gland
thyroid
what gland is located inferior to thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple) at level of cricoid cartilage
thyroid gland
What gland produces T3, T4 and calcitonin
thyroid gland
which gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary
thyroid gland
which endocrine system is located behind thyroid
parathyroid
how many parathyroid glands are there
4
what does parathyroid gland produce
parathormone
adrenal glands aka
suprarenal gland
what gland is located above each kidney
adrenal gland
which gland secretes epinephrine and norepi
medulla of adrenals
“MEN”
What secretes steroid hormones
adrenal gland
glucocorticoids are what type of steroid hormone
sweet
mineral corticoids are what type of steroid hormone
salty
adrenocorticoids are what type of steriod hormone
sex
what is located at epigastic and left hypochondriac
pancreas
the head of this is the concavity of duodenum
pancreas
body of this is behind the stomach
pancreas
left end and contacts spleen is what structure of pancreas
tail
Exocrine gland has what, that endocrine gland does not
Ducts
endocrine gland does not have what
ducts
insulin is secreted by what cells
beta
glucagon is secreted by what cells
alpha
epiphysis cerebri is another name for what
pineal
located near center of brain between two hemispheres
pineal gland
what gland produces melatonin
pineal gland
calcification of gland is called what
brain sand
anterior superior mediastinum is location of what
thymus
T-lymphocytes to recognize self is teacher for what
thymus
outer cortex of this is packed with maturing T cells
thymus
degenerative thymic corpuscles (Hassall’s) of inner medulla are in what
thymus
subclavian drains into what
axillary
3 veins drain into axillary
basilic, brachial, cephalic
Major vein drains into femoral
great saphenous
small saphenous drains into
popliteal
in muscle what surrounds entire muscle
epimysium
in muscle what surrounds muscle fascicles (bundles)
perimysium
in muscle what surrounds muscle fiber
endomysium
in nerve what surrounds entire nerve
epineurium
in nerve what surrounds nerve fascicles (bundles)
perineurium
in nerve what surrounds nerve fiber
endoneurium
outermost layer of a blood vessel wall, anchors surrounding structures, has nerve fibers, and lymphatic vessels and tiny blood vessels- aka vasa vasorum (vessels of the vessels)
tunica adventitia
middle layer blood vessel- regulated by vasomotor fibers and can cause vasoconstriction and vasodilation
tunica media
innermost layer of blood vessel- has two layers: thin endothelium and basement membrane- reduces friction as blood moves through the vessel
tunica interna
tunica adventitia aka
tunica externa
tunica interna aka
tunica intima
