General Anatomy Flashcards by Colleen O'Hara

Shortest muscle

stapedius

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Longest muscle

Sartorius

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agonistic means

prime mover

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synergistic means

supports movement

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Antagonistic

opposite mover

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internal organs being to form when

2 months

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Efferent cranial nerves develop where

basal plate

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thymus gland is found where

3rd pharyngeal pouch

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Pharyngeal tonsil is found where

2nd pharyngeal pouch

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myoblasts make what

smooth or cardiac muscle in the embryonic mesoderm

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Mesodermal (somites) make

skeletal muscle

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Skeletal muscle structure

striated and multinucleated

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Cardiac muscle structure

striated and uninuclleated in the intercalated discs

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Smooth muscle structure

spindle shape with central nuclei

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Bone growing inside a suture is called

wormian bone

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Synarthrosis

immovable

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what type of functional class is a suture

synarthrosis (no movement)

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Gomphoses refers to

teeth, styloid process in temporal bone

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What functinal class is gomphoses

synarthrosis

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Syncondroses is what

epiphyseal plate

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synchondroses is under what functional class

synarthrosis

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Amphiarthrosis is what heading functional class

slightly moveable

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between shafts of distal unla and radius, distal articulation tibia and fibula is collectively known as what

syndesmoses

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What functional class is syndesmosis

amphiarthrosis

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symphysis of pubis and IVD are collectively known as what

symphysis

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symphysis is under what functional class

amphiarthrosis

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Diarthrosis is what type of movement

synovial joints- freely moveable

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knee, elbow, phalanges, TMJ are all considered what specific category of diathrosis joint

hinge

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diarthrosis

Hinge aka

ginglymus

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atlas and axis, proximal radiounlar joints are all what subcategory of diarthrosis

pivot

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Diarthrosis

Pivot AKA

Trochoid

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between carpals and tarsals, sternoclavicular, and costovertebral joints are all considered what subcategory of diarthrosis

Gliding

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thumb is considered what subcategory of diarthrosis

saddle

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diarthrosis

saddle aka

sella

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radiocarpal, atlanto-occipital are which subcategory of diarthrosis

ellipsoid

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diarthrosis

ellipsoid aka

condyloid

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hip and shoulder (greatest range of motion) is what subcategory of diarthrosis

ball and socket

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diarthrosis

ball and socket aka

spheroid

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Thumb action effected by the radial nerve

extension

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example of uniaxial

elbow (1 degree of freedom)

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example of biaxial

hand, tmj (2 degrees of freedom)

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example of multiaxial

shoulder (3 degrees of freedom)

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Motions of the thumb can be remembered by RUM

radial n
ulnar n
median n

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skull is considered what structural class of suture

fibrous suture

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teeth or gomphoses are considered what structural class

fibrous

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syndesmoses or the articulation between the radius and ulna is considered what structural class

fibrous

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what structural class is synchondroses

cartilaginous

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what structural class is symphysis

cartilagenous

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what structural class are the diarthrodial joints in

ligamentous and synovial (Elvis the pelvis)

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rim of fibrocartilage around gleonid fossa of shoulder

glenoid labrum

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sprain

ligament damage

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strain

tendon injury

sTrain= tendon

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location of osgood schlatters disease

patellar ligament

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unhappy triad includes what ligaments

medial meniscus
anterior cruciate ligament
medial collateral ligament

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Which is a more common tear in general, lateral or medial meniscus

lateral meniscus

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of the foot which is more common to injure oneself. inversion or eversion

inversion

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What does the word deltoid literally mean

mother

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knowing that deltoid means mother, which of the following is not a part of the deltoid ligament. tibia or fibula

fibula. it will always include tibia

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what is the strongest ligament of the ankle or foot

deltoid ligament

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what is the most commonly injured ligament of the ankle or foot

lateral ligament

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cartilage is replaced by bone

endochondral ossification

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membranous bone (ie parietal)

intramembranous ossification

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Forms haversian canal

compact bone

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compact bone aka

lamellae

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betwen lamellae

lacunae

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mature cells in lacunae

osteocytes

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allows osteocytes in lacunae to ‘talk’ with eachother

canaliculi

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aka spongy bone

canellous bone

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what part of bone is the only part able to feel pain

periosteum

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major inorganic component of bone

hydroxyapatite

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oral cavity and anal canal cells are what type of cell

stratified squamous

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striated multinucleated is describing what type of muscle

skeletal muscle

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neurotransmitter storage

terminal button

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nerve and skin develop where in embryo

ectoderm

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key word; saddle think

thumb

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key word; sella think

thumb

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key word ellipsoid think

condyloid

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key word; pivot think

C1-C2

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key work; symphysis think

IVD

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Key word spheroid think

hip

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key word; gomphosis think

teeth

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key workd hinge think

ginglymus

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what is the division of the foregut and midgut

liver and pancreatic buds

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resists anterior translation and medial rotation of tibia in relation to femur

anterior cruciate

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prevents femur from sliding off anterior edge of tibia and prevents tibia from displacing posterior to femur

posterior cruciate

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resists forces that would push knee medially

medial collateral

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keeps outer side of the knee joint stable

lateral collateral

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distributes over fifty percent of the medial support of the elbow

ulnar collateral

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protects elbow joint from twisting forces genereated in pitching, serving a tennis ball, or throwing a javelin

ulnar collateral

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remains taut throughout extension and flexion of the joint

radial collateral

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wraps around the head of radius and attaches to ulna, stabilizes radius in radial notch and allows for rotating hand

annular collateral

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hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and common bile duct are called

portal triad

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connects ciliary body with crystalline lens of eye

zonule of zinn

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how many bones in the appendicular skeleton

126

206 total so in axial skeleton 206-126=80

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axial skeleton has 80 bones which incudes *

skull, spine, ossicles of middle ear, hyoid, ribs and sternum

everything else is appendicular skeleton*
memorize one to know the other

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What level is the spine of the scapula when pt is standing or sitting upright

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What level is the spine of the scapula when the pt is laying prone

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What bone of the scapula has root at T3

spine of scap

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Most lateral superior boarder of scapula

acromion

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Pectroalis minor, coracobrachialis, short head of the biceps all attach here

coracoid of scapula

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superior boarder of scap

scapular notch

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coracoclavicular ligament attachment. 1st bone to ossify

conoid (of clavical)

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‘sit’ attachment

greater tubercle of humerus

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subscapular attachment

lesser tubercle of humerus

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roughened attachement for deltoid

deltoid tuberosity of humerus

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bicipital tendon location

intertubercular groove of humerus

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ulnar nerve transverses

medial epicondyle of humerus

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groove for radial nerve (post humeral)

lateral epicondyle

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articulates with radius

capitulum of humerus

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articulates with the ulna

trochlea of humerus

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houses olecranon process of ulna

olecranon fossa of humerus

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depression on head of radius

fovea of radius

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attachement for biceps muscle

radial tuberosity

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articulates with ulna

ulnar notch

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at the wrist on radius

styloid process

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locator for lunate bone

lister’s tubercle on radius

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elbow large process is called

olecranon process

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what is common name for semilunar notch (aka trochelar notch) hinge area

elbow

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anterior boarder of elbow

coronoid of ulna

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lateral coronoid process of ulna

radial notch

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located at the wrist

head of ulna

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separates ulna and carpals

styloid process

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proximal row of hand bones from lateral to medial

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

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another name for the scaphoid bone in hand

navicular

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distal row of hand bones from lateral to medial

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

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what is another name for trapezium bone of hand

Greater multangular

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What is another name for the trapezoid bone of the hand

lesser maltangular bone

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what is the mc subluxated bone of the hand

lunate

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what is the ‘keystone’ bone of the hand

lunate

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Snuff box boarders*

extensor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
abductor pollicis longus

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Floor of the snuff box*

scaphoid bone

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what can be found in the snuff box*

radial pulse

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OA effects which joints

DIP PIP

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RA effects which joints

PIP MCP

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sciatic nerve runs through what bony landmark of the ilium

iliopectineal line (aka arcuate line)

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greater sciatic notch is located where on the ilium

medial posterior

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posterior gluteal line is located where on the ilium

posterior

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pudendal nerve is located in what landmark on the ischium

lesser sciatic notch

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bears the weight of the body when steated is what part of the ischium

ischial tuberosity

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large opening/ pubis ischium

obturator forament

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where the ilium, ischium and pubis meet at the femur

acetabulum

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lateral side of femur head

greater trochanter of femur

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medial side of femur

lesser trochanter of femur

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between the trochanters of the femur

intertrochanteric line/crest of femur

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posterior (inferior to gluteal tuberosity) of femur

linea aspera of femur

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mediallly located on femur

adductor tubercle

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between condyles of tibia

intercocndylar eminence of tibia

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paterllar ligament attachment

tibial tuberosity of tibia

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medial and distal on tibia

medial malleolus of tibia

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posterior of tibia

soleal line of tibia

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proximal lateral common perneal nerve

head of fibula

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lateral and distal on fibula

lateral malleolus of fibula

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3 cuneiform bones of foot

lateral cuneiform aka

3rd

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intermediate cuneiform aka

2nd

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medial cuneiform aka

1st

what bone of the foot is lateral to the 3rd or lateral cuneiform bone

cuboid

what bone of the foot is just posterior to the 1st and 2nd cuneiform bones

navicular

which bones of the foot make up the heel and ankle

talus and calcaneus

how many tarsal bones total

how many beats per minute does the heart have on average

75 beats/min

how many mL of blood does the heart pump in every beat

70-80 mL

right auricle is located where in the heart

superior corner of right atrium

what is the C shaped ridge of the right atrium called

crista terminalis

where are the trabeculae carnae located

ventricles

what is unique about the right pulmonary artery

deoxygenated

what is unique about the pulmonary vein

oxygenated

the tricuspid valve is located at what intercostal space

5th

moderator band is located where inside the heart

right ventricle

ligamentum arteriosum is located where

inferior to the arch of the aorta

pulmonary semilunar valve is located at what intercostal space

2nd

bicuspid valve aka mitral valve is located at which intercostal space

5th mid clavicular

apex of the heart is located at which intercostal space

5th left intercostal space near diaphragm

Save A Lady Falling Out (of a) Plane Super Man

is a mnumonic for what

branches off the external carotid artery

what are the branches off the external carotid artery

Superior thyroid, Ascending Pharyngeal, Lingual, Facial, Occipital, Posterior auricular
terminates as: Superficial temporal arteries and Maxillary artery

Branches off the aschending aorta and aortic arch

coronary arteries, brachiocephalic, left common carotid, lefft subclavian

what is another name for the brachiocephalic artery

right common carotid and right subclavian make up the brachiocephalic

Branches off the abdominal aorta

celiac trunk: left gastric, common hepatic and splenic.
superior mesenteric: goes to the small intestine, middle, right and iliocolic.
inferior mesenteric: left colic, sigmoid and superior rectal

what is mediastinum

central compartment around thoracic cavity. intrapleural space in the thorax

first rib- strenal angle- T4-T5 disc is location of what

superior mediastinum

anterior to the pericardium is location of what

anterior mediastinum

between right and left pleural cavities is location of what

middle mediastinum

posterior to the pericardium between the mediastinal pleurae

posterior mediastinum

contents of which mediastinum include
superior vena cava (upper 1/2), ARCH OF AORTA, trachea, internal thoracic artery and vein, brachicephalic artery and vein, left common carotid, subclavian, throacic duct, esophagus, thyroid, vagus nerve, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, thymic remnants, phrenic nerve

superior mediastinum

contents of which mediastinum include

thymic remnants (commonly in superior medastinum) lymph nodes (few) fat and loose connective tissue, and sternopericardial ligaments

anterior mediastinum

contents of which mediastinum include
heart, pericardium, ascending aorta, superior vena cava (lower 1/2), right and left pulmonary arteries and veins, phrenic nerve, great vessels, arch of the azygous vein, and mani bronci

middle mediastinum

contents of which mediastinum include
esophagus, descending thoracic aorta, azygous and hemiazygous vein, accessory azygous vein, thoracic duct, sympathetic trunk, splanchnic and vagus nerve

posterior mediastinum

ducks and goose

which organ stores RBC

spleen

what produces lymphcytes and antibodies

spleen

what contains rbcs and wbc pulp

spleen

organs include spleen, tonsils, thymus, and bone marrow are considered what

lymph

what is another name for cell body (2)

perikaryon

soma

what does the cell body contain

nucleus

what is the impulse generator of the nerve

axon

neurotransmitters are stored where in the nerve

terminal button

what ion must you have to release NT

calcium

Sclerotome think

vertebral column

myotome think

muscle

dermatome think

dermis of skin

nerve and skin are

ectoderm

air and gut are

endoderm

everything else is

mesoderm

enteric nervous system aka

intrinsic nervous system

subdivision of autonomic nervous system

enteric nervous system

directly controls gastrointestinal system (embedded in lining)

enteric nervous system

what initiates the digestive process

oral cavity and pharynx

60-70% saliva come from what gland

submandibular gland

20-30% saliva comes from what gland

parotid gland

double fold peritoneum transmits vessels, nerves, and lymph tissue

mesenteries

left lobe of the liver> diaphragm

falciform ligament

right lobe of the liver > diaphragm

coronary ligament

lies in liver fissure (remnant of ductus venosus)

liagmentum venosum

extends from liver to the lesser curve of the stomach

lesser omentum

extends from the greater curve over the abdominal viscera

greater omentum

mucous lining with many folds in stomach

rugae

what type of cells are found in the stomach

parietal aka oxyntic

what do parietal cells in stomach secrete

HCL and IF

intrinsic factor

where are cheif cells found

stomach

cheif cells aka

zymogenic cells

chief cells secrete what

pepsinogen

what stimulates hunger

ghrelin

how long is the duodenum

10 inches

how long is the jejunum

8 feet

how long is the ileum

12 feet

what increases surface area of small intestines for absorption

brush boarder

what are the folds in the small intestines called

plicae circulare

epithelial cells in small intestine secrete what

CCK

CCK squeezes what organ

gallbladder

what is considered the blind pouch of the large intestine

cecum

what is the hollow part of the large intestine

appendix

what is responsible for immune system in large intestine

appendix

columns of Mrgagni for expansion of large intestine are found where

rectum and anus

for wide diameter poops

largest visceral organ

liver

largest gland in the entire body

liver

contains round ligament

falciform ligament of liver

ligamentum teres aka

round ligament

right lobe of liver is which segments

anterior and posterior

left lobe of liver is divided into what

caudate and quadrate lobes

medial and lateral segments

what organ produces bile

liver

what organ stores glycogen, vitamins, iron, and copper

liver

contracts to expel bile

gallbladder

bile secreted in gallbladder when what is present

CCK

bile is responsible for what action

emulsify fat

Retroperitoneal list “D CUPS DAKRI’**

duodenum, ascending colon, ureter, pancreas, suprarenals, descneding colon, aorta, kidney, rectum, inferior vena cava
* know what is or is not retroperitoneal

Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid and Maxillary are all what

sinuses

what is the roof of the nasal cavity

cribriform plate

larynx is composed of what

pharynx and trachea

what controls the stream of air

true vocal cords

what houses palatine tonsils

palatoglossus

nasopharynx is closed by which two muscles during swallowing

mylohyoid and digastric

esophagus is composed of what muscle type

smooth and skeletal

how many cartilaginous rings in trachea

16-20

what does the trachea span from

cricoid to bronchi (C6-T5)

Marks division of trachea into primary bronchi

carina

which bronchi is shorter, wider, and vertical

right bronchi

which bronchi is longer, narrow, and horizontal

left bronchi

which lung is more prone to different pathologies

right lung

right lung has how many different lobes and what are they called

superior, middle, inferior lobes

what are the right lung lobes separated by

oblique and horizontal fissures

how many lobes does the left lung have and names

2
upper lobe
lower lobe

what does the upper lobe of the left lung contain

cardiac notch and lingula

what is the left lung lobes divided by

oblique fissure only

what is located between the left and caudate lobes of the liver

gallbladder

Epitheal tissue lines what

organs and glands

what squamous cell type allows for gas exchange

simple squamous

location of alveoli and capillaries

simple squamous

GI tract is lined with what type of cells

simple columnar

small bronchi and uterine tubes are lined with what type of cell

ciliated columnar

respiratory tract is lined with what type of cell

pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells

distention is allowed by what cell type

transitional

functional unit is the nephron

kidney

which kidney is lower than the other

right kidney is lower

what is the order of anatomy in the kidney

medullary pyramids> minor calyces> major calyces> renal pelvis> ureter> bladder

The renal pyramids are located in what

medulla of kidney

pH of semen

7.2

what cells make testosterone

interstital cells of leydig

what hormone controls spermatogenesis

FSH

What hormone causes the secreting testosterone by interstitial cells of leydig

predominate in pregnancy hormone

progesterone

secreted by corpus luteum

estrogen 1

progesterone 2nd

proliferation is caused by what hormone

estrogen

secretion is caused by what hormone

progesterone

what hormone causes enlargement of uterus

estrogen

what hormone maintains and prevents degeneration of reproductive organs secreted by corpus luteum

estrogen

what does non-gravid mean

not pregnant

what is secreted by the corpus luteum in the 2nd 1/2 of the cycle

progesterone

what increses in pregnancy

progesterone

matures follice and proliferation in non-gravid uterus

FSH

stimulates pre-ovulating follicle cuasing rupture of follicle and ovulation

maintains corpus luteum

HCG

what hormone is detected in home pregnancy tests

HCG

plane separating body into right and left equally

mid-sagittal plane

plane separating body into left and right not equally

para-sagittal

plane separating body into superior and inferior

transverse

plane separating the body into anterior and posterior

coronal

what another name for coronal plane

frontal plane

what artery is found within the carotid triangle

carotid artery branches

anterior border of carotid triangle

superior belly omohyoid

posterior border of carotid triangle

SCM

superior border of carotid triangle

posterior belly of digastric

submandibular triangle contains what gland

submandibular gland

anterior border of submandibular triangle

anterior belly of digastric

posterior border of submandibular triangle

posterior belly of digastric

superior border of submandibular triangle

lower border of mandible

area of lung ascultation, located near inferior angle of scapula

triangle of auscultation

superior border of triangle of ascultation

trapezius

inferior border of triangle of auscultation

latissimus dorsi

Lateral aspect of triangle of auscultation

scapula

floor of triangle of auscultation

lower border of mandible

posterior circumflex humeral artery and axillary nerve are both found in which space

quadrangular space

superior boundary of quadrangular space

teres minor

inferior boundary of quadrangular space

teres major

medial boundary of quadrangular space

long head of triceps

lateral boundary of quadrangular space

humerus

what space contains circumflex scapular artery

triangular space

what is the difference between the triangular space and the quadrangular space?

only difference is quadrangular space has lateral boarder

superior boundary of triangular space

teres minor

inferior boundary of triangular space

teres major

lateral boundary of triangular space

long head of triceps

used clinically as a point of tenderness in appendicitis

McBurney’s point

anterior abdominal wall on right side, between right ASIS and umbilicus

McBurney’s point boundaries

How many regions of the abdomen

what are the left 3 regions of the abdomen

left hypochondriac, left lumbar, left iliac

what are the middle 3 regions of the abdomen

epigastric, umnbilical, hypogastric

what are the right 3 regions of the abdomen

right hypochondric, right lumbar, right iliac

what are the names of the 4 quadrants of the abdomen

lower left, lower right, left upper, right upper

how many quadrants in the abdomen

contains median nerve and tendons of flexors of digits

carpal tunnel*

borders of carpal tunnel

flexor retinaculum and carpal bones*

femoral nerve and artery, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and femoral canal are all found in what triangle

femoral triangle

superior border of femoral triangle

inguinal ligament

medial border of femoral triangle

adductor longus

lateral border of femoral triangle

sartorius

location of direct inguinal hernia

Hesselbach’s Triangle

lateral border of Hesselbach’s triangle

inferior epigastric artery

medial border of Hesselbach’s triangle

rectus abdominis

inferior border of Hesselbach’s triangle

inguinal ligament

Hernias through Hesselbach’s triangle are due to weakness or defect in what

lower abdominal wall

what gland is the size of a pea

pituitary gland

which gland is located at the bottom of hypothalamus, base of brain, in sella turcica

pituitary

which gland is covered by dural fold

pituitary

sella turcica is located in what bone

sphenoid

largest endocrine gland

thyroid

what gland is located inferior to thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple) at level of cricoid cartilage

thyroid gland

What gland produces T3, T4 and calcitonin

thyroid gland

which gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary

thyroid gland

which endocrine system is located behind thyroid

parathyroid

how many parathyroid glands are there

what does parathyroid gland produce

parathormone

adrenal glands aka

suprarenal gland

what gland is located above each kidney

adrenal gland

which gland secretes epinephrine and norepi

medulla of adrenals

“MEN”

What secretes steroid hormones

adrenal gland

glucocorticoids are what type of steroid hormone

sweet

mineral corticoids are what type of steroid hormone

salty

adrenocorticoids are what type of steriod hormone

sex

what is located at epigastic and left hypochondriac

pancreas

the head of this is the concavity of duodenum

pancreas

body of this is behind the stomach

pancreas

left end and contacts spleen is what structure of pancreas

tail

Exocrine gland has what, that endocrine gland does not

Ducts

endocrine gland does not have what

ducts

insulin is secreted by what cells

beta

glucagon is secreted by what cells

alpha

epiphysis cerebri is another name for what

pineal

located near center of brain between two hemispheres

pineal gland

what gland produces melatonin

pineal gland

calcification of gland is called what

brain sand

anterior superior mediastinum is location of what

thymus

T-lymphocytes to recognize self is teacher for what

thymus

outer cortex of this is packed with maturing T cells

thymus

degenerative thymic corpuscles (Hassall’s) of inner medulla are in what

thymus

subclavian drains into what

axillary

3 veins drain into axillary

basilic, brachial, cephalic

Major vein drains into femoral

great saphenous

small saphenous drains into

popliteal

in muscle what surrounds entire muscle

epimysium

in muscle what surrounds muscle fascicles (bundles)

perimysium

in muscle what surrounds muscle fiber

endomysium

in nerve what surrounds entire nerve

epineurium

in nerve what surrounds nerve fascicles (bundles)

perineurium

in nerve what surrounds nerve fiber

endoneurium

outermost layer of a blood vessel wall, anchors surrounding structures, has nerve fibers, and lymphatic vessels and tiny blood vessels- aka vasa vasorum (vessels of the vessels)

tunica adventitia

middle layer blood vessel- regulated by vasomotor fibers and can cause vasoconstriction and vasodilation

tunica media

innermost layer of blood vessel- has two layers: thin endothelium and basement membrane- reduces friction as blood moves through the vessel

tunica interna

tunica adventitia aka

tunica externa

tunica interna aka

tunica intima

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