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Part I Boards > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

0
Q

Definition of Levorotatory

A

OH on the left

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1
Q

What is the definition of a Ketone

A

multiple hydroxyl groups

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2
Q

Definition of Dextrorotatory

A

OH on the right

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3
Q

Definition of Sorbitol

A

Sugar alcohol from glucose and converted to fructose

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4
Q

Where is sorbitol found

A

Berries, cherries, plums, pears

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5
Q

Too much sorbitol causes what

A

diarrhea

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6
Q

Definition of oxidation

A

increasing positive charges or loss of negative charges

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7
Q

Definition of Reduction

A

addition of hydrogen, gain of electrons

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8
Q

What is known as the ‘big 4’

A

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, and oxidative physphorylation

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9
Q

When ATP is low, what happens to the big 4

A

speeds up

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10
Q

What type of bonds are for CHO

A

glycosidic bonds (alpha, beta, straight chain, branched chain)

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11
Q

Alpha bonds are digestible or indigestible?

A

digestible

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12
Q

Beta bonds are digestible or indigestible?

A

indigestible

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13
Q

How many carbons is glucose composed of

A

6-carbons

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14
Q

How many carbons is fructose composed of

A

6-carbons

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15
Q

How many carbons is ribose composed of

A

5-carbons

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16
Q

What family is glucose

A

aldose (source: dextrose, corn syrup)

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17
Q

What family is Fructose

A

Ketose (source: fruit, honey)

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18
Q

What family is ribose

A

Aldose (source: nucleic acids)

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19
Q

What are the 4 disaccharides & oligosaccharides

A

maltose
lactose
sucrose
trehalose

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20
Q

What bond type is Maltose composed of

A

Alpha1-4

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21
Q

What bond type is Lactose composed of

A

Beta1-4

* remember Beta is indigestible

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22
Q

What bond type is sucrose composed of

A

Alpha-Beta 1-2

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23
Q

Whats the source of maltose

A

glucose + glucose (starch breakdown)

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24
Q

Whats the source of lactose

A

glucose + gaLACTOSE (milk)

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25
Q

Whats the source of sucrose

A

glucose + fructose (white sugar)

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26
Q

Whats the source of trehalose

A

mushrooms, yeast

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27
Q

What are 4 main polysaccharides

A

cellulose
amylose (linear)
amylopectin
glycogen*

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28
Q

What is the bond type of cellulose

A

Beta 1-4

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29
Q

What is the bond type of amylose

A

Alpha 1-4

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30
Q

What is the bond type of amylopectin

A

alpha 1-4 > alpha 1-6

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31
Q

What is the bond type of glycogen

A

alpha 1-4 > alpha 1-6

*same as amylopectin

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32
Q

What is the difference between amylopectin and glycogen since they contain the same bond type

A

amylopectin has less frequent, but longer branches than glycogen. glycogen is highly branched.

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33
Q

What is a lignin

A

only noncarbohydrate type of dietary fiber

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34
Q

What is an example of a lignin

A

woody part of a plant (ie. stem part of broccoli)

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35
Q

What are two locations of carbohydrate digestion

A 
mouth (maltose)
small intestine (maltose, lactose, sucrose)

(*stomach does NO carb digestion)

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36
Q

Bond type for lipids

A 
ester bond 
(aunt ester= your fat aunt)
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37
Q

Lipids have hydrophobic or hydrophilic heads

A

hydrophilic

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38
Q

Lipids have hydrophobic or hydrophilic tails

A

hydrophobic tails

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39
Q

Saturated fats contain how many carbon-carbon double bonds

A

zero

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40
Q

Saturated fatty acids are _______ at room temperature

A

solid

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41
Q

How many carbon-carbon double bonds do monounsaturated fatty acids contain

A

one

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42
Q

Monounsaturated fatty acids are _________ at room temperature

A

liquid

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43
Q

What are considered “good” fats

A

monounsaturated fatty acids (ie. olive oil, peanuts, avocados)

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44
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain how many carbon-carbon double bonds

A

more than one

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45
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acids are ________ at room temperature

A

liquid

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46
Q

What are the main building blocks of fat

A

essential fatty acids

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47
Q

Omega 6 fatty acid is which type of essential fatty acid

A

linoleic

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48
Q

Omega 3 fatty acid is which type of essential fatty acid

A

linolenic

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49
Q

Arachidonic acid becomes essential when which essential fatty acid is missing from the diet

A

linoleic

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50
Q

Arachidonic acid has how many carbons:double bonds

A

20:4

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51
Q

Linolenic has how many carbons:double bonds

A

18:3

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52
Q

Linoleic has how many carbons:double bonds

A

18:2

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53
Q

Eicosapentaenoic acid has how many carbon:double bonds

A

20:5

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54
Q

What name helps to remember essential fatty acids?

A

ALLE

20, 18, 18, 20

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55
Q

What is found in all cell membranes (lipid bilayer)

A

phospholipids

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56
Q

Cholesterol is used to make what

A

cell membranes, bile salts, and steroid hormones

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57
Q

Liver converts cholesterol to bile. what does bile do

A

emulsifies fat

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58
Q

bile + fat =

A

mixed micelle

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59
Q

What are the precursor molecules for cholesterol

A

‘MASH’

Mevalonate, Acetyl CoA, Squalene, HMG CoA

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60
Q

What are the 4 lipoproteins

A

chylomicrons, VLDL (very low density lipoprotein), LDL (low density lipoprotein), HDL (high density lipoprotein)

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61
Q

What is the source of chylomicrons

A

intestinal mucosa

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62
Q

What is different between the source of chylomicrons and the other lipoproteins.

A

only chylomicrons found in intestinal mucosa.

All others found in liver

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63
Q

function of chylomicron

A

transports dietary lipids to body

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64
Q

Important enzyme of chylomicron

A

lipoprotein lipase

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65
Q

Which lipoprotein has the highest percent triglyceride

A

chylomicron

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66
Q

What is the function of VLDL

A

transports endogenous lipids from liver to body

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67
Q

What is the important enzyme of VLDL

A

Lipoprotein lipase

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68
Q

Which lipoprotein is the lowest % protein

A

VLDL

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69
Q

What is the function of LDL

A

Transports cholesterol from liver to body

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70
Q

What lipoprotein has the highest % choesterol

A

LDL

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71
Q

What is the function of HDL

A

removes excess “free” cholesterol from the blood

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72
Q

What is the important enzyme of HDL

A

Lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT)

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73
Q

Which lipoprotein is considered “good” cholesterol

A

HDL

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74
Q

Which lipoprotein is considered “bad” cholesterol

A

LDL

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75
Q

What is the location of beta oxidation

A

mitochondria

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76
Q

What is the function of beta oxidation

A

cuts fatty acid chain, 2 carbons at a time, to make Acetyl CoA for the Krebs cycle

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77
Q

What does CARnitine do in beta oxidation

A

drives or transports fatty acid chain into mitochondria

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78
Q

What are the products of beta oxidation

A

1 Acetyl CoA
1 FADH2
1 NADH

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79
Q

The final piece cut from beta oxidation will contain a 3 carbon long chain. What is this last piece called

A

Propionyl CoA

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80
Q

What is the primary substrate for lipogenesis

A

Acetyl CoA

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81
Q

Location for lipogenesis

A

cytoplasm

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82
Q

What is the intermediate for lipogenesis **

A

Malonyl CoA

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83
Q

Lipogenesis is stimulated by what

A

ATP

Insulin

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84
Q

Lipogenesis is inhibited by what

A

Epinephrine

Glucagon

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85
Q

Where does digestion for lipids occur

A

Mouth

Small intestine

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86
Q

What is the enzyme for lipid digestion in the mouth

A

lingual lipase

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87
Q

Krebs cycle location

A

mitochondria

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88
Q

ETC location

A

inner mitochondria

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89
Q

Ketogenic amino acid

A

leucine

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90
Q

Transfers a phosphate

A

kinase

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91
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A

PVT. Tim Hall

phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine (arginine), leucine, lysine

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92
Q

Semi essential amino acids

A

Histidine

arginine

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93
Q

Aromatic “ring” amino acids

A

phenylalanine, tryptophan, TYROSINE (Tyrosine can help a patient with depression)

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94
Q

Basic (positive charge at neutral pH) amino acids

A

Histidine, Arginine, Lysine

HAL is a ‘basic’ kind of guy

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95
Q

Neutral amino acids

A

serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine

‘STAG’

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96
Q

Sulfur-containing amino acids

A

methinonine
cysteine
(M.C. sulfur)

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97
Q

NOT glucogenic amino acids

A

leucine

lysine

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98
Q

Branch chain amino acids

A

leucine, isoleucine, valine

‘LIV’

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99
Q

Acidic Amino acids

A

glutamate

aspartate

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100
Q

Aliphatic “chain” amino acid

A

Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine

listed in order of least hydrophilic –> most hydrophilic

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101
Q

Location for digestion of amino acids

A

stomach
small intestines
(NO digestion in the mouth)

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102
Q

Which amino acids are lacking in grains like wheat, rice, and corn

A

lysine, threonine, tryptophan

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103
Q

What carries ammonia to the urea cycle

A

glutamate

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104
Q

Which three amino acids donate nitrogen for purines and pyrimidines

A

Glutamine, Aspartate, Asparagine

‘GAA’

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105
Q

Which 6 amino acids are muscle able to oxidize

A

Glutamate, aspartate, leucine, valine, isoleucine, asaragine

‘LIV GAA’

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106
Q

Glucose-Alanine Cycle is also known as what two things

A

lactic acid cycle

cori cycle

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107
Q

During exercise, muscle makes what two products

A

ammonia

lactate

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108
Q

Ammonia + Lactate =

A

Alanine

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109
Q

Alanine travels to the liver and is converted back to what

A

lactate and ammonia

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110
Q

Once ammonia and lactate are turned back in the liver, what do they become

A

ammonia- urea

lactate- glucose (GNG)

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111
Q

Function of the urea cycle

A

rid body of ammonia

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112
Q

what enzyme is in urea cycle

A

carbamoyl phosphate synthetase

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113
Q

Important intermediates of the urea cycle include what

A

Fumarate, arginine, citrulline, ornithine, glutamate, aspartate

“FARCO, GA”

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114
Q

What are the bonds between proteins and peptides

A

Peptide bond

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115
Q

What is the name of the structure of proteins and peptides: the number and sequence of amino acids; determines the protein structure

A

Primary

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116
Q

What is the name of the structure of proteins and peptides: Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet aka “beta bend”

A

Secondary

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117
Q

What is the name of the structure of proteins and peptides: Maximally folded for function

A

Tertiary

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118
Q

What is the name of the structure of proteins and peptides: More than one chain. Best example is hemoglobin in which has four chains

A

Quaternary

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119
Q

Which type of vitamins and minerals can people OD on

A

Fat-soluble (AND one exception of water soluble, B6)

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120
Q

Thiamine aka

A

B1

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121
Q

Riboflavin aka

A

B2

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122
Q

Niacin aka

A

B3

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123
Q

Pantothenic Acid aka

A

B5

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124
Q

Pyridoxine aka

A

B6

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125
Q

Folic Acid aka

A

B9

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126
Q

Cyanocobalamin aka

A

B12

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127
Q

Deficiency of Thiamine (B1)

A

Beri Beri:

Weakness, edema, increase heart, tachycardia, Wernicke’s (alcoholics)

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128
Q

Which vitamin is associated with alcoholics

A

B1

129
Q

Magenta tongue and pallor are associated with which vitamin

A

B2, riboflavin

130
Q

Pellagra (4D disease) dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death are all associated with deficiency in which vitamin

A

niacin (B3)

131
Q

Which vitamin deficiency is associated with burning feet, malaise, and abdominal pain?

A

Pantothenic acid (B5)

Think pink panther*

132
Q

Which water soluble vitamin can be toxic and is an exception to the rule

A

Pyridoxine (B6)

133
Q

Which two water soluble vitamins help RBC mature

A

B9 and B12

Folic acid, and Cyanocobalamin

134
Q

Which vitamin needs intrinsic factor (from stomach) to be absorbed

A

B12, cyanocobalamin

135
Q

What vitamin deficiency causes macrocytic anemia

A

B12 Cyanocobalamin

136
Q

Which vitamin deficiency causes glossitis/dermatitis. Avidin in raw eggs prevents abs.

A

Biotin

Think Rocky Bal-biotin, “yoo, avidin”

137
Q

What vitamin deficiency causes scurvy and bleeding gums

A

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

138
Q

Which vitamin is found in the white part of fruits

A

Bioflavonoids

139
Q

Vitamin C aka

A

Ascorbic acid

140
Q

Vitamin A aka

A

Retinol

141
Q

Vitamin D aka

A

Cholecalciferol

Ergocalciferol

142
Q

Vitamin E aka

A

Tocopherol

143
Q

Vitamin K aka

A

Quinone

144
Q

Any name that starts with ‘retin-‘ is the active form of what vitamin

A

Vitamin A (retinol)

145
Q

Which vitamin deficiency causes night blindness

A

vitamin A (retinol)

146
Q

Toxicity of this vitamin causes headaches, peeling skin

A

Vitamin A (retinol)

147
Q

Which vitamin deficiency causes rickets in kids and osteomalacia in adults

A

Vitamin D (cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol)

148
Q

Which vitamin absorbs calcium from the gut

A

Vitamin D

149
Q

Which vitamin toxicity causes anorexia, renal failure

A

Vitamin D

150
Q

Which vitamin deficiency causes possible hemolytic anemia, muscular dystrophy, and sterility

A

Vitamin E (tocopherol)

151
Q

Which vitamin toxicity interferes with enzymes

A

vitamin E

152
Q

Antioxidant with selenium is associated with which vitamin

A

Vitamin E

153
Q

Which vitamin deficiency is associated with clotting disorders

A

vitamin K

154
Q

Which vitamin makes pro-thrombin in the liver

A

Vitamin K

155
Q

toxicity of which vitamin causes kernicterus (yellowing), neural

A

vitamin K

156
Q

What are the 6 important macrominerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chlorine, and magnesium

157
Q

Calcium and phosphorus are inversely related. Calcitonin moves calcium from _____ to ______

A

blood to bone

158
Q

Calcium and phosphorus are inversely related. PTH moves calcium from _____ to ______

A

bone to blood

159
Q

Phosphorus is regulated by which organ

A

Kidney

160
Q

Toxicity of phosphorus may lead to what

A

bone loss

161
Q

sodium is regulated by what hormone

A

aldosterone

162
Q

deficiency of sodium can lead to what

A

hyponatremia, confusion, coma

163
Q

What is potassium regulated by

A

aldosterone

164
Q

A deficiency in potassium

A

caused by diuretics, muscle weakness

165
Q

Toxicity of potassium results in what

A

cardiac arrest

166
Q

A deficiency of which vitamin is secondary to vomiting

A

chlorine

167
Q

Deficiency that leads to diabetes, hypertension, increased blood cholesterol, spasms blood vessels are caused by what vitamin

A

magnesium

168
Q

Which vitamin is a cofactor for kinase

A

magnesium

169
Q

Toxicity that leads to poisoning-miners, neuro symptoms- like parkinsons dx, most plants is caused by what vitamin

A

Magnesium

170
Q

What is the function of chromium

A

glucose transport

171
Q

What micromineral helps bind insulin to cell

A

chromium

172
Q

a deficiency in chromium leads to what

A

impaired glucose tolerance

173
Q

What is the function of cobalt

A

constituent of vitamin B12

174
Q

Deficiency of cobalt leads to what

A

macrocytic (pernicious) anemia

175
Q

what micromineral is part of cytochrome A oxidase (ETC)

A

copper

176
Q

What is the name of the disease from a copper deficiency

A

Menke’s syndrome (hereditary- CNS, die infancy)

177
Q

*When you see iodine what word do you think of?

A

Thyroid

178
Q

Which micromineral is stored as thyroglobulin in thyroid

A

iodine

179
Q

What micromineral is part of thyroxine

A

iodine

180
Q

What micromineral deficiency leads to cretinism in kinds, goiter, and myxedema in adults

A

iodine

181
Q

What micromineral is transported as transferrin and stored as ferritin

A

iron

182
Q

What is a deficiency of iron

A

hypochromic microcytic anemia

183
Q

a deficiency in magnesium leads to what

A

ligmentous healing

184
Q

What vitamin is synergistic with vitamin E

A

selenium

185
Q

What is a cofactor for decarboxylase

A

manganese

186
Q

What is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase

A

selenium

187
Q

what is a cofactor for carbonic anhydrase

A

zinc

188
Q

what toxicity causes nail/hair loss

A

selenium

189
Q

Metal fume fever is associated with what micromineral

A

zinc

190
Q

what type of bonds hold together nucleotides within one strand

A

phosphodiester bonds

191
Q

What is the bond type between base pairs between complimentary strands

A

hydrogen bond

192
Q

T or F:

Hydrogen bonds are easily broken

A

True

193
Q

What is the S phase also called

A

DNA replication

194
Q

What is the location of DNA replication

A

Nucleus

195
Q

What enzyme unwinds DNA strands

A

Topoisomerase

196
Q

What enzyme makes new DNA from the parent DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase

197
Q

What is the process called that splits the ‘doubled 92 chromosome DNA’ into two identical ‘46 chromosome daughter DNA’ sets

A

mitosis

198
Q

What is another name for Transcription

A

RNA synthesis

199
Q

What is the location of transcription

A

nucleolus

200
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that binds to promoter site, begins to make RNA primer strand from the DNA template

A

RNA polymerase

201
Q

What is the name of the DNA template that is read 3 bases at a time

A

code

202
Q

Another name for DNA sequence

A

Code

203
Q

RNA leaves the nucleus and goes to work where

A

cytoplasm

204
Q

Holds the information to determine amino acid sequence order

A

messenger rna (mRNA)

205
Q

Main component of the ribosomal unit which moves along mRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

206
Q

Jumps on and off the rRNA, carrying the amino acids with it

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

207
Q

tRNA anticodon binds to what

A

mRNA codon

208
Q

what enzyme is responsible for forming a peptide bond with the amino acid on the tRNA ‘next door’

A

peptidyl transferase

209
Q

Amino acid is attached to tRNA by what enzyme

A

aminoacyl-trna synthase

210
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

211
Q

Stop codons (3)

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

212
Q

What is the enzyme for pre-krebs cycle

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

213
Q

Pre Krebs cycle requires what 5 things

These five coenzymes love nutrition

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1), FAD (B2), CoA (B5), Lipoic Acid, NAD (B3)

214
Q

What are the other names for citric acid cycle

A

tricarboxylic acid cycle and TCA cycle

215
Q

What kind of conditions are needed for Krebs cycle to run

A

aerobic

216
Q

Products from one turn of the Krebs cycle yeilds what products

A

2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP/ATP

217
Q

What is another name for ETC

A

cytochrome series, respiratory chain

218
Q

Where is ETC located

A

inner fold of inner mitochondrial membrane

219
Q

What is the final e- acceptor from ETC

A

water

220
Q

How many ATP total from all steps

A

36

*if not available, choose 38

221
Q

Antioxidants decrease free radicals, therefore, decrease cancer cell production. What are the names of the antioxidants

A

Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, Zinc and chromium

ACESZ

222
Q

Step 1 of glycolysis reaction

A

phosphorylation

consumes 1atp

(same as step 3)

223
Q

Step 2 of glycolysis reaction

A

Isomerization

same as step 5 and 8

224
Q

Step 3 of glycolysis reaction

A

Phosphorylation

consumes 1 ATP

(same as step 1)

225
Q

Step 4 of glycolysis reaction

A

Cleavage

226
Q

Step 5 of glycolysis reaction

A

Isomerization

same as step 2 and 8

227
Q

Step 6 of glycolysis reaction

A

Oxidation

228
Q

Step 7 of glycolysis reaction

A

Transfer of a phosphate group

synthesize 1 atp

same as step 10

229
Q

Step 8 of glycolysis reaction

A

Isomerization

same as step 2 and 5

230
Q

Step 9 of glycolysis reaction

A

dehydration

231
Q

Step 10 of glycolysis reaction

A

Transfer of phosphate group

synthesizes 1 atp

same as step 7

232
Q

Step 11 of glycolysis reaction

A

Reduction

233
Q

Enzyme of step 1: phosphorylation of glycolysis

A

glucokinase (liver)/ hexokinase (muscle)

234
Q

Enzyme of step 2: isomerization of glycolysis

A

phosphoglucoisomerase
aka
glucosephosphate isomerase

235
Q

Enzyme of step 3: phosphorylation of glycolysis

A

PFK (allosteric enzyme)

236
Q

Enzyme of step 4: cleavage of glycolysis

A

aldolase

237
Q

Glycolysis substrate

A

glucose

238
Q

glycolysis products

A

2 Pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH

239
Q

Glycolysis stimulates

A

AMP

Insulin

240
Q

glycolysis inhibits

A

citrate aka citric acid, ketone bodies, free fatty acids, atp, cAMP, low pH

241
Q

Location of glycolysis

A

cytosol

242
Q

GNG substrate

A

non-carbohydrate

243
Q

Product of GNG

A

glucose

244
Q

GNG stimulates

A

cortisol, epinephrine, norepi, atp, glucagon

245
Q

GNG inhibits

A

insulin, amp, adp, high blood glucose

246
Q

Location of GNG

A

cytoplasm and mitochondria of liver

* cannot use leucine*

247
Q

Glycogenesis substrate

A

UDP-glucose (one pentose and one glucose)

248
Q

Glycogenesis product

A

glycogen

249
Q

Glycogenesis stimulates

A

INSULIN

250
Q

Glycogenesis inhibits

A

glucagon, epinephrine

251
Q

Location of glycogenesis

A

cytoplasm of liver and muscle

252
Q

glycogenolysis “glycogen splitting” substrate

A

glycogen

253
Q

product of glycogenolysis

A

glucose

1- phosphate

254
Q

glycogenolysis stimulates

A

cortisol, epineph, norepi, glucagon

255
Q

glycogenolysis inhibits

A

INSULIN

256
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

cytoplasm of liver and muscle

257
Q

lipogenesis subtrate

A

excess glucose

258
Q

product of lipogenesis

A

fat

259
Q

lipogenesis stimulates

A

insulin, atp

260
Q

lipogenesis inhibits

A

epinephrine, glucagon

261
Q

location of lipogenesis

A

liver

262
Q

lipolysis substrate

A

fat

263
Q

lipolysis

A

ketone bodies

264
Q

lipolysis stimulates

A

epi, norepi, glucagon, GH, caffeine

265
Q

lipolysis inhibits

A

insulin, FAs

266
Q

location of lipolysis

A

liver

267
Q

Cholesterol synthesis substrate

A

regulation HMG-CoA reductase

268
Q

Cholesterol synthesis product

A

cholesterol

269
Q

Cholesterol synthesis stimulates

A

NADPH (stimulates all lipids)

270
Q

Cholesterol synthesis inhibits

A

presence of cholesterol

271
Q

Cholesterol synthesis location

A

liver

272
Q

Isoelectric point

A

charge of AA or protein is zero (electrically neutral, zwitterion)

273
Q

wheat and rice are missing what

A

lysine

274
Q

Legumes are missing

A

methionine

275
Q

Corn is missing

A

lysine and tryptophan

276
Q

Enantiomers

A

mirror image

277
Q

stereoisomers

A

atoms bonded in the same order, differ in precise orientation

278
Q

Epimers

A

Sugar differing in configuration at a single asymmetric center

279
Q

Bile salts

A

Names end in “cholic acid’ or ‘cholate’

280
Q

Too much uric acid

A

gout

281
Q

What is the main function of enzymes

A

speed up reactions

282
Q

Catabolic enzyme

A

breakdown, generates energy

283
Q

Anabolic enzyme

A

build up, needs energy

Think arnold= anabolic= build you up

284
Q

Binding site of enzyme

A

where the reactant (substrate) attaches

285
Q

Cofactor + enzyme =

A

Holoenzyme

286
Q

Apoenzyme

A

enzyme without a cofactor

287
Q

steroids

A

regulate rate of enzyme synthesis (at the DNA level)

288
Q

Zymogen activation

A

a zymogen is a protein that becomes an active enzyme when parts are removed

289
Q

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation

A

participate in control mechanisms for cellular metabolism

290
Q

Allosteric site

A

an area on the enzyme where a compound may bind and change the rate of activity

291
Q

Substrates do what to reaction

A

stimulate

292
Q

Products do what to a reaction

A

inhibit

293
Q

Reaction velocity

A

proportional to enzyme concentration

294
Q

Michaelis-Menten

A

Constant (Km)- concentration of substrate at which an enzyme yields 1/2 Vmax

295
Q

Kinase

A

transfers a phosphate

296
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

moves hydrogen

297
Q

Epinephrine is formed by what amino acid

A

tyrosine

298
Q

Epinephrine stimulates pathways which produce what

A

energy

299
Q

Epinephrine inhibits pathways which store what

A

energy

300
Q

Amino acid derivative suffix

A

‘ine’

ie. epinephrine

301
Q

peptide suffix

A

‘in’

ie. insulin

302
Q

steroid suffix

A

‘one’

ie. testosterone

303
Q

insulin definition

A

peptide hormone secreted by the pancreas (tail)

304
Q

Insulin stimulates pathways which store

A

energy

305
Q

Insulin inhibits hormone sensitive what

A

lipase

306
Q

Glucagon definition

A

peptide hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas, but has the opposite effect of insulin

307
Q

Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis but does not stimulate what other pathway

A

glycolysis

308
Q

Glucagon function releases what into the blood

A

glucose

309
Q

Steroid hormone derivative

A

cholesterol

310
Q

Steroid hormone increases synthesis of particular what

A

enzymes/proteins

311
Q

Steroid hormones produced what

A

adrenal cortex

312
Q

Glucocorticoids are made of what

A

sugar

313
Q

Mineralocorticoids are made of what

A

salty

314
Q

Gonadocorticoids are made of what

A

sex

315
Q

What promotes gluconeogenesis, increase protein breakdown, increase beta oxidation and ketogenesis

A

glucocorticoids

316
Q

What is important in regulating electrolyte balance, enhance retention of Na and excretion of K.

A

Mineralocorticoids

317
Q

What are responsible for secondary sexual characteristics

A

Gonadocorticoids

318
Q

In the male what is the specific gonadocorticoid

A

androgen

319
Q

In the female what is the specific gonadocorticoid

A

estrogen and progestin

320
Q

What is the name of the added step of the Krebs cycle

A

cis-aconitic

Part I Boards (6 decks)

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