Spicy Grammar Flashcards
Parataxis
placing clauses or phrases together without words that indicate coordination or subordination
What are the three ways to use adjectives?
Attributively (attaching it to a noun to define it more closely)
Predicatively (asserting that the quality belongs to a noun)
Substantively (using it by itself as a noun where no ambiguity can arise from its use)
Examples of Personal Pronouns?
ego (I)
tu (you)
nos (we)
vos (you)
Examples of Reflexive Pronouns?
se (-self)
Examples of Demonstrative Pronouns?
hic (this)
is, ille, iste (that)
Examples of Definitive Pronouns?
idem (the same)
Examples of Intensive Pronouns?
ipse (-self)
Examples of Relative Pronouns?
qui (who)
quicumque (whoever)
Examples of Interrogative Pronouns?
quis (who?)
qui (what sort of?)
quot (how many?)
Examples of Indefinite Pronouns?
quis (any)
aliquis (someone)
quidam (a certain one)
Which pronouns can and cannot be used as adjectives?
Can be used as adjectives: Demonstrative, Definitive, Intensive, Interrogative, Indefinite
Cannot be used as adjectives: Personal, Reflexive, Relative
What is a transitive verb?
denotes an action which necessarily affects some person or thing or produces a result
What does it mean to use a transitive verb absolutely?
It has no expressed object (e.g. I conquer or I am writing)
What is an intransitive verb?
Verbs denoting an action which has no direct object (e.g. I stand, I run, I fall, I exist)
What is an indirect object?
when an action indirectly affects some person or thing. It is expressed by the dative case.
How do the participles of deponent and semi-deponent verbs differ from other Latin verbs?
they have both a present and past participle with an active sense
What are the two types of conjuntions?
Coordinating (joining together words/sentences on equal terms. The two are of equal grammatical rank)
Subordinating (attaching to a clause which holds a grammatically subordinate position)
What are the Latin coordinating connective conjunctions?
And (et, -que, atque, ac)
Nor, and Not (neque, nec)
Also (etiam, quoque, item)
What are the Latin coordinating separative conjunctions?
or, either (aut, vel, -ve)
whether, or (sive, seu)
What are the Latin coordinating adversative conjunctions?
but (sed, at)
but, yet (atqui, tamen)
but, however (autem)
but, moreover (ceterum, verum, vero)
What are the Latin coordinating causal conjuntions?
for (nam, namque, enim, etenim) for indeed (enimvero)
What are the Latin coordinating conclusive conjuntions?
therefore (ergo, itaque, igitur)
wherefore (quare, quam ob rem, quapropter, quocirca)
Difference between uses of et, -que, atque, and ac?
“et” simply joins words and clauses
“-que” joins words to form one whole (se suaque - himself and his belongings) or couples two closely related clauses
“atque” connects with emphasis
“ac” is a shorter form of atque but is not used before words that begin with a vowel
Difference between aut, aut…aut, vel, -ve, and vel…vel
“aut” marks a sharp distinction
“aut…aut” exhausts the possible alternatives (this is either true or false)
“vel” and “-ve” treat the difference as unimportant
“vel…vel” doesn’t necessarily exhaust the possible alternatives
What are the Latin subordinating final (purpose) conjunctions?
In order that (ut) that...not, lest (ne) whereby (quo) and that...not (neve, neu) whereby...not (quominus)
What are the Latin subordinating consecutive (result) conjunctions?
so that (ut)
so that…not (ut…non)
that…not (quin)
What are the Latin subordinating temporal conjunctions?
when (cum, ut, ubi, quando) while, so long as, until (dum, donec, quoad) before that (antiquam, priusquam) after that (postquam) as soon as (simul ac) as often as (quotiens)
What are the Latin subordinating causal conjunctions?
because (quod, quia)
since (cum, quoniam, quando)
seeing that, for as much as (quippe)
in as much as (si quidem, siquidem)
What are the Latin subordinating conditional conjunctions?
if (si) whether, or if (sive, seu) if only (si modo) but if (sin) unless (nisi, ni) if not (si non)
What are the Latin subordinating concessive conjunctions?
even if, although (etsi, etiamsi) although (quamquam, utut) granting that (ut, licet) although (tametsi) although, however much (quamvis) whereas, although (cum)
What are the Latin subordinating comparative conjunctions?
as (ut, uti, velut, veluti, sicut, sicuti) as being (utpote) as if (quasi, quam si, ut si, velut si) as, how (quomodo, quem ad modum) than, as (quam) as though (tamquam)
What are the Latin subordinating interrogative conjunctions?
whether (num, utrum) or (an) or not (necne) why? (cur) where? (ubi) when? (quando) how? (quem ad modum)
List 9 common impersonal verbs which can use a dependent noun clause with an accusative subject
piget (it grieves) pudet (it shames) taedet (it wearies) paenitet (it causes regret) libet (it pleases) oportet (it is one's duty) constat (it is agreed) apparet (it is evident) manifestum est (it is plain)
How would you translate a denial (english verb for say when joined to a negative)
nego
How are personal or demonstrative pronouns used in indirect discourse?
ALWAYS put into the sentence to clarify the (accusative) subject of the noun clause.
Use the reflexive pronoun when it’s the same person as the subject of the finite verb
Use versions of “is, ea, id” or “ille, illa, illud” if the subject of the dependent noun clause is different from the subject of the finite verb.
How does the tense of the infinitive relate to the finite verb in indirect discourse?
Present Infinitive - contemporaneous with the finite verb
Perfect infinitive - prior to the finite verb
Future infinitive - subsequent action to the finite verb
What words are used parenthetically only in direct discourse and not indirect discourse?
ait, inquit
When are volo, nolo, malo, and cupio used in indirect discourse with an accusative/infinitive construction?
When the subject of the infinitive is different from the main verb
What is the difference between timet + accusative, timet + the dative, and timet + accusative and dative?
He fears the thief (acc)
He fears for (on behalf of) his flock (dat)
He fears the thief on behalf of his flock (acc+dat)
What is the difference between consulit + accusative and consulit + dative?
He consults the senate (acc)
He considers the interests of the senate (dat)
What is the difference between cavet + accusative and cavet + dative?
He is on guard against the ditch (acc)
He is taking care for the veterans (dat)
(also He is on guard against you (ab te))
What is the difference between prospicit + accusative and prospicit + dative?
He foresees a storm (acc)
He looks out for himself (dat)
What is the difference between credo + dative and credo + accusative + dative?
I trust you (dat)
I entrust this (acc) to you (dat)
What case does confidere take?
Dative (to trust in)
What case does obstare and repugnare take?
Dative (to resist)
What case does occurrere take?
Dative (to meet)
What case does obsequi take?
Dative (to comply with)
What case does pervenio take?
Ad + accusative (to reach, approach)
What case(s) does similis take?
Dative (most of the time) or Genitive (usually for pronouns and proper names) [similar to]
What case(s) does alienus take?
Dative or Genitive or ā + ablative (foreign to)
What case(s) does par take?
Dative or Genitive (equal to)
What case sometimes qualifies adjectives of fitness (aptus)?
ad + accusative
When is the dative of possession + esse used?
When more stress is put on the thing that is possessed than on the possessor.
What case is used with the gerundive to indicate the person on whom a duty or necessity for an action lies?
Dative
How would you say “for my sake” in Latin?
mea gratia
How would you say “to a man” in Latin?
ad unum
When is the cum optional in an ablative of manner?
if it’s modified by an adjective
What case does the gerund NOT use?
Nominative (it’s replaced by an accusative
What voice does the gerund use?
active
What voice does the gerundive use?
passive
What does a reflexive in the purpose clause refer to?
the subject of the MAIN clause, not the subordinate one
