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Speech Sound Flashcards

1
Q

ankyloglossia

A

Tongue tie

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2
Q

juncture

A

combination of suprasegmentals intonation and pausing, which mark special distinctions or grammatical divisions

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3
Q

Diphthong

A

two vowels combined e.g /aI/ in “high”

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4
Q

How are vowels classified?

A

tongue position

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5
Q

How are consonants produced?

A

constricting oral cavitiy.

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6
Q

What describes degree or type of constriction of the vocal tract?

A

manner

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7
Q

semi vowels

A

/l, r/

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8
Q

Theories of Development

A 
Behavioral
Structural
Natural Phonology Theory
Generative Phonology Theory
Linear
Nonlinear
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9
Q

Theories of Development:

explanation of speech sound acquisition is based on conditioning and learning. emphasizes that the child develops adult-like speech of his or her communicate through interactions.

A

a. Behavioral

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10
Q

Theories of Development:

processes are innate processes that simplify the adult target word

A

c. Natural Phonology Theory

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11
Q

Theories of Development:

phonological descriptions are dependent on info from other linguistic levels and phonological rules map underlying representations onto surface pronunciations.

A

d. Generative Phonology Theory-

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12
Q

Theories of Development

phonological development follows an innate, universal and hierarchical order of acquisition of distinctive features.

A

b. Structural

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13
Q

Theories of Development:

accounts for the influence of stress and tone features in levels of representation independent of segmental or linear representation.

A

f. nonlinear

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14
Q

Theories of Development:

characterized by rules that operate in a domain of linear strings of segments

A

e. Linear

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15
Q

Stages of Speech Production

birth-3months
4-6 months
7-9 month
10-12 months

A
  • Cooing or gooing/startle reflex
  • Canonical or reduplicated babbling/recognizes own name
  • Variegated or non reduplicated babbling/gestural language
  • First word/object permanance
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16
Q

Intelligibility
2 years old-____-____%
3 years ____-____%
4 years ____-____%

A

2 years old-60-70%
3 years 75-80%
4 years 90-100%

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17
Q

Typical Phonological Development in Children:

Phonological Proccesses

A

Substitution
Assimilation
Syllable structure processes

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18
Q

Typical Phonological Development in Children:

When one class is substituted for another

A

substitution

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19
Q

Typical Phonological Development in Children:

When sounds are changed by influence of neighboring sounds

A

assimilation

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20
Q

Typical Phonological Development in Children:

Types of assimilation

A

Reduplication
Regressive assimilation
Progressive assimilation
Voicing

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21
Q

Typical Phonological Development in Children:

When structure of entire syllables are affected

A

Syllable structure processes

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22
Q

Typical Phonological Development in Children:

Types of syllable structure proccesses

A 
Unstressed or weak-syllable deletion
Final consonant deletions
Epenthesis
Consonant
Dimmunization
Metathesis
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23
Q

Typical Phonological Development in Children:

define epenthesis

A

inserting a schwa vowel between consonants

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24
Q

Typical Phonological Development in Children:

define dimmunization

A

adding “ie” to words

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25
Typical Phonological Development in Children: define meathesis
production of sounds in reversed order aka spoonerism
26
Articulatory errors: fricatives such as /h/ are produced in the pharyngeal area
Pharyngeal fricative
27
Articulatory errors: sibilant consonants produced with tongue tip placed toof ar forward
Frontal lisp
28
Articulatory errors: sibilant sounds produced with air flowing inappropriately over sides of the tongue
Lateral lisp
29
maxilla
upper jaw
30
mandible
lower jaw
31
Class I malocclusion
-arches aligned properly but some individual teeth are misaligned
32
Class II malocclusion
upper jaw or maxilla is protruded over lower jaw or mandible Overbite
33
Class III malocclusion-
-maxilla is receded and the mandible is protruded. Underbite
34
Orofacial Myofunctional Disorders also known as....
tongue thrust
35
Orofacial Myofunctional Disorder definition
Any anatomical or physiological characteristic of the orofacial structures that interferes with normal speech or physical , dentofacial or psychosocial development.
36
Orofacial Myofunctional Disorder usually exhibits deviant _________.
swallows
37
Orofacial Myofunctional Disorder the _________ exerts force against ____________.
tongue | teeth
38
Articulatory erros for orfacial myofunctional disorder are due to ___________
weak tongue tip musculature.
39
Name the two basic types of speech sound disorder treatment.
linguistic and motoric
40
Which approach is best for children with several sound errors?
Motoric
41
Which approach is best for highly unintelligible children?
Linguistic
42
What do most clinicians use?
multi-modal (both)
43
What is Communicative potency?
how functional the words are
44
Name 2 general approaches for target selection.
developmental | complexity
45
Name the Motor Based Approaches.
Van Riper’s Traditional Approach | McDonald’s Sensorimotor Approach
46
Describe Van Riper’s Traditional Approach
- -auditory discrimination/perceptual training, phonetic placement and drill like repetition and practice at increasingly complex motor levels until target phonemes were automatized.. - -For children who have only a few errors - -Utilizes bottom up approach-simple to difficult - -motor approach
47
Describe McDonald’s Sensorimotor Approach
- -based on the assumption that the syllable not the phoneme is the basic unit of speech production. - -motor approach - -RESEARCH DOES NOT SUPPORT I
48
Name the Linguistic Approaches
- -Distinctive Features Approach- - -Contrast Approaches - ---------Minimal pair contrasts - ---------Maximal pair contrasts - -Phonological Processes Approach - -Hodsons and Padens Cycles Approach
49
Describe the distinctive features approach
--establish missing distinctive features by teaching relevant sounds for better generalization to other sounds.
50
Describe the minimal pair contrast approach
Minimal pair contrasts use words that differ only by one feature i.e. if child substitutes /s/ for /t/ clinician might use “sea” and “tea”
51
Describe the maximal pair contrast approach
Maximal pair contrasts-aka maximal opposition, words contain maximum number of contrasts. I.e. mack vs shack.
52
Describe the Phonological Processes Approach
-based on assumption that child’s multiple error reflect the operation of certain phonological rules that that the problem is phonemic not phonetic.
53
Describe Hodsons and Padens Cycles Approach
- -designed to treat multiple misarticulations and highly unintelligible speech, error patterns are targeted for remediation based on stimulability, intelligibility and percentage of occurence (40% or greater). - -Only one error is treated per session but all errors are targeted in a cycle.
54
What is the Core Vocabulary Consistency Approach?
- -For children who have functional speech sound disorders with inconsistent errors on the same words in the absence of CAS. - -Core vocabulary words are selected - -Overall goal is increased intelligibility and consistency in production of at least 70 words that are key in the child’s environment. - -not linguistic or motoric
55
What is the Phonological Awareness Treatment?
- -Awareness of sound structure of a language or attention to internal structure. - -Indicate later problems with reading and spelling.
56
How many utternaces is ideal for a speech sample?
50-100
57
Types of evoked speech samples
Imitation Naming Sentence completion
58
Independent analysis
speech patterns are described without reference to the adult model of the language in the child’s community i.e.stating what sounds a child produces without mentioning whether or not they approximate adult production
59
Relational analysis
speech is compared to adult production
60
PCC
total number of correct consonants produced x 100 -------------------------------------------------------------------- Total number of consonants produced
61
Phonological Proccesses persistant after age 3.
1. Final-consonant devoicing 2. Consonant-cluster reduction 3. Stopping 4. Epenthesis 5. Gliding 6. Depalatalization 7. Vocalization
62
Elisions and transpositions are referred to as phoneme what?
manipulations
63
Specific vocalization acquisition | 5 steps
1. Phonation (birth-1 month) 2. Cooing or gooing (2-4 months) o /u/. 3. Expansion (4-6 months) 4. Canonical or reduplicated babbling (6-8 months)-strings of CV. 5. Variegated or non reduplicated babbling (8 months-1 year)
64
Order of phoneme acquisition: First
ages 1-3 | m, n, p, h, w, b
65
Order of phoneme acquisition: Second
ages 2-4: | k, g, d, t, ng
66
Order of phoneme acquisition: Third
2.5-4 | f, v
67
Order of phoneme acquisition: Fourth
3-6 r, l, s (with “s” taking until 8)
68
Order of phoneme acquisition: Fifth
3.5-7 ch, sh, z (with “z” taking until 8)
69
Order of phoneme acquisition: Sixth
4-7 j, v (with v taking until 8)
70
Order of phoneme acquisition: seventh
4.5-8 th, th zh 6-8

Praxis Focus (13 decks)

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