Speech Production

Question 1

How many words do we produce per second in a normal fluent convo?

Answer 1

2-3 words (4 syllables, 10-12 phonemes)

Question 2

How many words are in the mental lexicon of a normal, literate adult monolingual?

Answer 2

50-100 thousand words

Question 3

How many times do we err on avg?

Answer 3

No more than once or twice in 1000 words

Question 4

How many word tokens would we have produced by adulthood (40 mins of talking a day)?

Answer 4

50 million word tokens

Question 5

What are the types of Meaning-Based Speech Errors?

Answer 5

1) Word Exchanges (Switch 2 words)
2) Blends/Contaminations (Two items fuse together)
3) Deletion (Omission of linguistic material)
4) Lexical Selection (Wrong selection of word)

Question 6

What are the types of Form-Based Speech Errors

Answer 6

1) Shift (One speech segment disappears from appropriate location & appears somewhere else)
2) Sound/Form Exchange (Two sounds switch places)
3) Anticipation (Later segment takes place of earlier segment)
4) Perseveration (Earlier segment replace a later item)
5) Addition (Add linguistic material)
6) Spoonerism (Switch of initial sounds of 2 separate words)
7) Residual speech errors (distortion of late-developing sounds)

Question 7

What are meaning-based errors?

Answer 7

A level where syntactic functions are assigned

Question 8

What are form-based errors?

Answer 8

A level where ordering of forms is organised

Question 9

What are the 2 modular levels of processing?

Answer 9

1) Dell’s 2-step Interactive Activation Model

2) Levelt et al.’s WEAVER++ Model (Word Encoding by Activation and Verification)

Question 10

What are the 3 levels of representation in the network organisation of Dell’s model?

Answer 10

1) Semantic (decomposed into features)
2) Words & morphemes
3) Phonemes (Sounds)

Question 11

What did Dell propose?

Answer 11

Interactivity / Bi-directionality of connections of the 3 levels

Question 12

What are mixed errors?

Answer 12

Errors that are both semantic and phonological-based

Question 13

Why does Dell argue against the idea that the network serves in both word pdn & word percepn?

Answer 13

Many aphasic patients show GD auditory word recognition & disturbed phonological encoding

Question 14

What is the function of the bi-directional connection?

Answer 14

To support fluency in lemma selection

Question 15

What is the Stroop Task?

Answer 15

Stimuli are differently coloured words, Participants asked to identify colour or say word

Question 16

What was found in the Stroop Task?

Answer 16

Slowed down colour naming when coloured word is a different colour name

Question 17

What did Cattell (1885) found?

Answer 17

Naming a list of 100 line drawings of objects took twice as long as naming a list of the corresponding object names

Question 18

Why was Cattell’s finding so?

Answer 18

Direct access route between word & phonological code

Extra step in activating the object concept

Question 19

What is the Picture-word interference task?

Answer 19

Participants are to name basic objects as quickly as possible with distractor words embedded in the obj

Question 20

What was found in the Picture-word Interference Task?

Answer 20

Semantic interference (Meaning-related words slowed down naming the pic while Form-related words speed up processing)

Question 21

What does the network in WEAVER++ Model consist of?

Answer 21

1) Conceptual Stratum - deciding on the message
2) Lemma Stratum - turning the message into linguistic representations & grammatical encoding
3) Word-form Stratum - Morpho-phonological encoding, prosodification & phonetic encoding and articulation

Question 22

How does the WEAVER++ Model take place?

Answer 22

1) Lemma Activation
2) Lemma Selection
3) Conversion of Lemma to Phonological Representation
4) Other processes (Stress, phonological segments, prosodification, phonetics & articulation)

Question 23

What is Prosodification concerned with?

Answer 23

1) Incremental Syllabification (S.. proceeds from left to right with chunking)
2) Implicit Priming Paradigm (Response latencies are significantly shorter in the homogeneous condition than in the heterogeneous condition; tests whether speaker knows which syllable to stress)

Question 24

What is an Implicit Prime?

Answer 24

Homogeneous words that share beginning part or initial syllable

Question 25

When does Implicit Priming occurs?

Answer 25

For words that share beginning part of the word but not for words sharing any final part

Question 26

When does Implicit Primin not occur?

Answer 26

For words that do not share stress position

Question 27

What is Monitor / Self-perception concerned with?

Answer 27

Conceptual system (produce & perceive speech) is shared with self-monitoring but not phonological system

Question 28

What is acoustic/phonetic analaysis linked to?

Answer 28

Left temporal lobe

Question 29

What is phonetic generation of speech controlled by?

Answer 29

Motor & Premotor Areas of the Frontal Lobe & Left Central Gyrus of the Insula

Question 30

What is the feedback mechanism used by speaker?

Answer 30

Perceptual Loop (Has an ext branch & internal one)

Question 31

What are some assumptions of the WEAVER++ model?

Answer 31

1) Modularity (later processes cannot affect earlier processes)
2) Only 1 Lemma activates word form

Question 32

What are the similarities between the 2 models?

Answer 32

1) Similar Representations

2) Frames & Slots (Insert of Representations into the Frames)

Question 33

What are the differences between the 2 models?

Answer 33

1) Dell (Interactive) vs WEAVER++ (Serial)
2) Dell (Cascaded) vs WEAVER++ (Modular)
3) WEAVER++ has the Perceptual Loop