Speech Acts Flashcards
What do norms govern?
Interactions
What do Sociopragmatics govern?
Who is entitled/required to perform what speech act in a particular situation
What do Pragmalinguistics govern?
The appropriate words to say, tone to use & body language
What is a speech act?
An utterance conceived as an act which the speaker does something / Performative utterance
What does Austin state?
All utterances = actions
What are the Felicity Conditions for speech act to achieve its purpose?
1) Propositional (requires participants to understand language): receiver understands requested act
2) Preparatory (authority of speaker & circumstance of speech act are appropriate to it being performed successfully): sender has right to tell receiver to do action
3) Sincerity (Speech act being performed seriously & sincerely): sender believes action should be done
4) Essential (where the speaker intends that an utterance be acted upon by addressee): receiver has obligation to do action
What do we look at when analysing speech acts?
1) Locution (what was said)
2) Illocution (what was done)
3) Perlocution (what happened as a result)
What are the Types of Locution?
1) Declarative: make statement / express opinion
2) Closed-interrogative: ask close-ended qn
3) Open-interrogative: asks open-ended qn
4) Imperative: give command / make request
5) Exclamative: Express great emotions
What are the Types of Illocution?
1) Assertive: Commit speaker to truths of expressed proposition
2) Directives: Cause hearer to take a particular action
3) Commissive: Commit speaker to future action
4) Expressive: Express speaker’s attitudes & emotions towards proposition
5) Declaration: Change reality in accord with the proposition of declaration
What are Adjacency Pairs (AP)?
Composed of 2 utterances by 2 speakers, one after another
What is a FPP?
Speaking of 1st utterance
What is an SPP?
Responding utterance provoked
What does Turn-taking consist of?
1) Transition-relevant point (TRP)
2) Turn construction unit (TCU)
3) Overlap
What is a TRP?
Speaker finishes TCU & allows listener to have a turn at speaking
What is a TCU?
A unit of convo that completes communicative act
What is Overlap?
Listener can interrupt someone’s turn without offending current speaker
What does Topic Management consist of?
1) Topic Maintenance
2) Topic Shift
3) Topic Introduction
4) Supertopic
What is Topic Maintenance?
Interlocutors keep to current topic
What is Topic Shift?
Moving from current to new topic
What is Topic Intro?
Proposing & establishing an initial topic
What is Supertopic?
An overarching topic that has many sub-topics
What are the Types of Expansions?
1) Pre-expansion
2) Insert-expansion
3) Post-expansion
What is a Pre-expansion?
AP preliminary to main course of action
What is an Insert-expansion?
AP that comes between FPP & SPP base
What is a Post-expansion?
AP that comes after but still tied to base pair
What are the Types of Politeness Maxims?
1) Tact: speaker minimise cost to listener
2) Generosity: speaker minimise benefit to self
3) Approvation: speaker minimise dispraise to listener
4) Modesty: speaker minmise praise to self
5) Agreement: speaker minimise disagreement between self & listener
6) Sympathy: speaker minimise antipathy between self & listener
What is Preference Organisation?
Structural preferences of convo for some types of actions over others
What does PO consist of?
1) Unmarked turn shape = preferred response
2) Marked turn shape = dispreferred response
What is Opening a convo?
Phatic communion to create & maintain social r/s
What is Ending a convo?
depends on who
What is Convo Repair?
Revising/repairing message so that there will be higher chance of successful communication
What are the types of convo repair?
1) Self-initated
2) Other-initiating
What are 3 part interchanges?
Occurs after 1st speaker adds additional response to 2nd speaker’s response
What are the functions of 3PI?
1) Topic bounding
2) Comprehension
3) Recognition of Accountability
4) Evaluative
