Narratives Flashcards
What are Narratives?
The telling of experience
What are Narratives used for?
1) Report on,
2) Evaluate,
3) Regulate Activities
4) Provide implicit common organisation of experience
5) Provide feeling of emotional involvement and solidarity
Why are Narratives compelling?
They not only provide a landscape of action (what happens), they also provide a landscape of consciousness (what those involved know, think or feel)
What is Coherence?
Good r/s between Text & Context
What are the Categories of Context?
1) Immediate (Setting, Participants & Purpose of Activity)
2) Wider (BG culture of Participants & Knowledge of it, General Knowledge of World, Shared Knowledge of Previous Events)
What is a Critical Component of Coherence?
Topic (What the Text is about)
What are the Narrative Structure Analyses?
1) Degree of Independence
2) Story Grammar
3) Cohesion
4) Story Art
How do we examine young children’s storytelling?
For the degree & nature of prompting required + independent performance sampling & analysis
What Perspectives do Children take when story-telling?
1) Narrator (Tell story)
2) Stage Manager (Discuss interpretations & direct actions)
3) Actors (Provide dialogue)
What are intertwined in Children’s Narratives?
Imaginative Narrative & Dramatic Play
What are the 3 Types of Adult Support in Story-telling?
1) Conversational (Selecting incident, organising telling, providing needed details & elaborating on details)
2) Historical (Sort out what happened in original event & which aspects of the event should be recounted for the story)
3) Psychological (Show or determine child’s emotional perspective)
What does Story Grammar deal with?
Episodic Structure (How propositions are related to form goal-directed, problem-solution units that describes protagonist’s motivations & goals, the efforts to achieve the goals & the outcomes of such efforts)
What is Story Grammar?
Mental Schema used for encoding, representing & retrieving events
What type of narratives are expected of each age group?
1) Young children (pre-episodic narratives)
2) School-age children (episodic narratives)
What are the 3 types of Pre-Episodic Sequences?
1) Descriptive
2) Action
3) Reaction
What is the most central aspect of Story Grammar Analysis?
Episodic Organisation
What does a Complete Episode consist of?
1) Complication
2) Evidence of Goal-Directedness
3) Consequence
What are the Elements of Episodic Organisation?
1) Setting (Characters, surroundings, habitual states/actions)
2) Complication (Initiates state or action)
3) Motivating State (Feeling resulting from 2 resulting in 4)
4) Attempts (Actions resulting from 3 resulting in 5)
5) Consequence (Outcome of 4)
6) Reaction (Feeling resulting from prior condition not motivating further 4)
What types of Story Grammar Episodes are there?
1) Incomplete Ep (2 + 3/4)
2) Abbreviated Ep (2 +5)
3) Complete Epi (2 + 3/4 + 5)
4) Complex Ep (Multiple 4 to resolve 2 / Multiple Complete Eps)
5) Interactive Ep (2/+ characters with opposing 2s and 5s)
What does Cohesion comprise of?
1) Conjunctive Cohesion - conj & adv
2) Pronominal Ref - r/s between pronoun & referents
3) Lexical Parallelism - repeating word
4) Structural Parallelism - repeating syntactic structure
5) Ellipsis - omission of an item retrievable from elsewhere in text
6) Development - movement from exophoric (presents the language pinpointing to the external context) to endophoric reference (links the message to its textual context)
What is Story Art concerned with?
What makes a story special, sophisticated & appealing + Distinguishes minimal expression from elaborated/artful expression of perspective + Examine narrator’s usage of artful expressions to build the story towards its climax & how their perspective is transmitted to an audience (HI POINT ANALYSIS)
What are the 6 components of a fully formed Narrative?
1) Opening Appendage (Statement that Introduces Story)
2) Orientation (Provide BG info on habitual Actions & nature of characters & external conditions)
3) Complicating Action
4) Evaluation (Category of Verbal & Non-verbal elements that contributes to Art of Story & Effective Transmittal of Listener Perspective)
5) Resolution
6) Closing Appendage (Statement that concludes the story)
What are Abstracts (Appendage)?
Suggest what the story will be about
What are Themes (Appendage)?
Restatements of Main Idea during Story
What are Codas (Appendage)?
Provide a lesson learnt/ bring listener back to present
What does Orientation comprise of?
1) Character Names
2) Character R/s & Roles
3) Ongoing Ext Conditions
4) Personality Attributes
What does Evaluation comprise of?
1) Modifiers
2) Phrases & Expressions
3) Repetition
4) Direct Dialogue
5) Internal State words
What are Given entities?
Means of a Definitive Noun Phrase
What are New entities?
Existential-presentative Construction
What is the Theme of a Clause?
Whatever Phrase that is in the First position
What does Focus refer to?
Speaker highlighting Particular Parts of Info?
What does Focus comprise of?
1) Tonic Accent (Tonic to be on the stressed syllable of the last major lexical item)
2) IT clefts (Direct objects as themes)
3) WH clefts (Free relative clause as the subject or theme)
4) TH clefts (deictic th word as the theme)
What does the Syntax of a Narrative comprise of?
1) Tense & Aspect
2) End Weight
3) Passives
4) Non-finite Clauses
