Bilingualism Flashcards
What is Bilingualism?
Ability to speak 2 languages in daily life
What is Bilingualism?
Ability to speak more than 2 languages in daily life
What is SG described as?
A country of societal/institutionalised bilingualism - official/unofficial presence of 2 or more lang in social context
What is Diglossia?
2 languages or lang varieties exisiting side by side in a community (H & L variety)
What is Polyglossia?
More than 2 languages or varieties
What are the Attitudes to High Variety?
Prestige & Status (SSE, Standard SG Mandarin, Standard Malay, Standard Tamil)
What are the Attitudes to Low Variety?
Stigmatisation, varied perceptions like solidarity, identity
SCE, Colloquial SG Mandarin, Colloquial Malay, Bazaar Malay, Baba Malay, Colloquial Tamil
What is a Domain?
A typical interaction in a typical setting between typical participants in which a particular speech variety is regularly used
What are the Domains of Language Use?
1) Family
2) Friendship
3) Religion
4) Education
5) Employment
What is Receptive Bilingualism?
Ability to understand a second language but lacks sufficient exposure to L2 in childhood to achieve native-like proficiency to speak it
What are the Orders of Second Language Acquisition?
1) Sequential Bilingualism - learning 1 lang then another
2) Simultaneous Bilingualism - learning 2 languages from birth
What are Balanced Bilinguals?
Equally fluent in both languages
What are Dominant Bilinguals?
Have 1 stronger & 1 weaker language
What tests can be used to measure proficiency/use?
1) Self-ratings
2) Questionnaires
3) Vocab Tests
4) Judgement of Experts
5) Grammaticality Judgements
6) Name pictures in both languages
7) Fluency, speed, automaticity
8) Reading Speed
9) Duration of repetition of sentences in 2 languages
10) Directionality of Code-mixing
11) Ability to Translate
12) Mean Length Utterance
13) Vocab Richness
14) Accent Ratings
15) Weak Lang Scale
What is Code-Switching (CS)?
Alternate use of 2 or more language or varieties in the same discourse
What is Intersentential CS?
the alternation in a single discourse between two languages, where the switching occurs after a sentence in the first language has been completed and the next sentence starts with a new language
What is Intrasentential CS
the alternation in a single discourse between two languages, where the switching occurs within a sentence.
What can CS function as?
1) Compensatory Strategy to fill Linguistic Gaps
2) Speech Style
What is CS also known as?
1) Code-mixing
2) Translanguaging
3) Code alternation
4) Language Switching
What is situational CS?
Occurs when languages used change according to situations or speech events in which conversants find themselves
What is Metaphorical CS?
Occurs when a change of topic requires a change in the language used
What are some reasons for CS?
1) Change in setting/ speech event
2) Change in topic
3) Change in interlocutors
4) Indicate Grp Identity
5) Fit in
6) Quote someone
7) Clarify one’s utterance
8) Express solidarity/gratitude
9) Soften/strengthen command
10) Get something
11) Say something in secret
12) Translate technical or idiomatic speech from foreign language
13) Compensate for lang proficiency gaps in weaker language
What is the Dominant model of insertional CS?
Matrix Language-Frame Model
What is Matrix Language?
Either the L1 or language in which morphemes or words are more frequently used in CS
What is Embedded Language?
Either the L2 or language in which morphemes or words are less frequently used in CS
What does Green’s Inhibitory Control Model states?
While both languages are activated concurrently within the bilingual lexicosemantic system, one is selected while the other is inhibited, alternating between selected and active levels of activation
What is Directionality?
CS from the L1 to L2 or L2 to L1
What does Asymmetry in Directionality of Child CS reveal?
L2 developmental issues
What can CS reveal?
Translation disorders in bilingual aphasia
What does the skill of translating involve?
Switching of Languages
What is Spontaneous Translation?
Automatic Translation
What is Paradoxical Translation?
Ability to translate in one language but not the other
What is Translation without Comprehension?
Ability to translate lang promptly but lack the ability to understand its meaning
Where is language lateralised for more proficient or early L2 learners?
Left or Dominant Hemisphere
Where is language lateralised for more proficient or early L2 learners?
Recruitment of additional neural areas
What may language learning modality influence?
Neural mapping by activating different memory stores
What is Implicit/Procedural Memory?
Part of LTM that is responsible for knowing how to do things / Automatic processes that dont involve conscious thought
What is Implicit Memory key to?
L1 development in childhood
What is Explicit/Declarative Memory?
Facts or events that can be explicitly stored & consciously recalled or ‘declared’ / Controlled processes carried out at conscious level
What is Explicit Memory key to?
L2 Development in formal language learning
What does the Parallel Access Hypothesis state?
Bilingual recruits both language simultaneously
What does the Strength of Linguistic Activation depend on?
1) Stimuli
2) Linguistic BG
3) Lang Mode
What does Paradis’ Activation Threshold Hypothesis state?
Activation of any linguistic property within 1 language causes automatic inhibition of the other
What do Costa & Santesteban (2004) propose?
With increasing proficiency, bilinguals move away from inhibitory control to language-specific selection because words from non-TL do not compete for lexical selection
