Speech Perception Flashcards
frequency
how many cycles of sound wave in 1 second
- hertz
perceived as pitch; the higher the frequency, the higher the pitch
amplitude
- perceived as loudness
- the higher the amplitude, the higher the decibel, the louder the sound is
fundamental frequency
lowest frequency tone in a complex tone
complex sound
consist of a number of pure tones called harmonics
the second harmonic is ___ as many times as the fundamental freq
2x
timbre
different instruments playing the same tone can sound different
what is the reason why different instruments can play the same tone but sound different
harmonics are playing at different volumes/intensities
what is the range of human hearing
20 Hz - 20 0000 Hz
that base of the cochlea is responsive to ___ frequency
high; 16000 hz
vocal folds
air pushes past them in the larynx to create sound
periodic sound
vowels; constant wave form
aperiodic sound
consonance; sounds that don’t repeat
phonetics
study of specific speech sounds
phonology
grammar of language; # of syllables or words that rhyme
phoneme
individual sounds of a language
- consonant sound
- major vowel sounds
- letter combos like ch and th
phonation
actual sounds that are being produced; combining of different sound
prosody
adding inflections when speaking
formants
coarticulation
consonant that preceeds changes the sound of the vowel
- ham vs can
sonorant
voiced phonemes (usually vowels)
sonorant
consonance that are voiced
- whisper and red
fricative
produced by restricting airflow
- show, zoo
plosive
produced by fully blocking air
produces a puff of air
- pin, time
voice onset time
when voicing starts
- difference of time between a plosive and beginning of a vocal vibration
voice onset time
when voicing starts
- difference of time between a plosive and beginning of a vocal vibration
phonemic restoration experiment
placing in a phoneme that is not explicity there
- if you take a phoneme out of a word, you ask the person what word they heard
what did participants hear under the silence condition in the phonemic restoration experiment
they will know the phoneme was missing
what did participants hear under the cough condition in the phonemic restoration experiment
they will say they heard the phoneme that isn’t there
phonemic restoration test
play white noise in place of a missing phoneme and you have to identify what the word is
static condition of phonemic restoration
mouth is there and word is being said with a missing phoneme but the mouth is not moving
incongruent condition of phonemic restoration
word that is being said and the mouth that is saying it is moving backwards (not matching what is being said)
congruent condition of phonmic restoration
the mouth mathced the word that is being said
mcgurk effect
what we see overrides what we hear
motor theory
speech perception results from inferring motor movements within vocal tract
unique characteristics of motor theory
- nativist - we are genetically predisposed to speak
- modular - human speech is special
mirror neurons
- larger response when you watch an aciton film and know the intention behind the action
criticisms of motor theory
- babies can understand human speech sounds but can’t produce them so how are they mimicing the movements if they can’t make the sound
- nonhuman animals shouldn’t be able to understand human speech but a chinchilla proved it wrong
direct realism
sensory signals are organized and require minimal extra processing
