Speech Perception

Question 1

frequency

Answer 1

how many cycles of sound wave in 1 second
- hertz
perceived as pitch; the higher the frequency, the higher the pitch

Question 2

amplitude

Answer 2

• perceived as loudness
• the higher the amplitude, the higher the decibel, the louder the sound is

Question 3

fundamental frequency

Answer 3

lowest frequency tone in a complex tone

Question 4

complex sound

Answer 4

consist of a number of pure tones called harmonics

Question 5

the second harmonic is ___ as many times as the fundamental freq

Answer 5

2x

Question 6

timbre

Answer 6

different instruments playing the same tone can sound different

Question 7

what is the reason why different instruments can play the same tone but sound different

Answer 7

harmonics are playing at different volumes/intensities

Question 8

what is the range of human hearing

Answer 8

20 Hz - 20 0000 Hz

Question 9

that base of the cochlea is responsive to ___ frequency

Answer 9

high; 16000 hz

Question 10

vocal folds

Answer 10

air pushes past them in the larynx to create sound

Question 11

periodic sound

Answer 11

vowels; constant wave form

Question 12

aperiodic sound

Answer 12

consonance; sounds that don’t repeat

Question 13

phonetics

Answer 13

study of specific speech sounds

Question 14

phonology

Answer 14

grammar of language; # of syllables or words that rhyme

Question 15

phoneme

Answer 15

individual sounds of a language
- consonant sound
- major vowel sounds
- letter combos like ch and th

Question 16

phonation

Answer 16

actual sounds that are being produced; combining of different sound

Question 17

prosody

Answer 17

adding inflections when speaking

Question 18

formants

Question 19

coarticulation

Answer 19

consonant that preceeds changes the sound of the vowel
- ham vs can

Question 20

sonorant

Answer 20

voiced phonemes (usually vowels)

Question 20

sonorant

Answer 20

consonance that are voiced
- whisper and red

Question 21

fricative

Answer 21

produced by restricting airflow
- show, zoo

Question 22

plosive

Answer 22

produced by fully blocking air
produces a puff of air
- pin, time

Question 23

voice onset time

Answer 23

when voicing starts
- difference of time between a plosive and beginning of a vocal vibration

Question 24

voice onset time

Answer 24

when voicing starts
- difference of time between a plosive and beginning of a vocal vibration

Question 25

phonemic restoration experiment

Answer 25

placing in a phoneme that is not explicity there
- if you take a phoneme out of a word, you ask the person what word they heard

Question 26

what did participants hear under the silence condition in the phonemic restoration experiment

Answer 26

they will know the phoneme was missing

Question 27

what did participants hear under the cough condition in the phonemic restoration experiment

Answer 27

they will say they heard the phoneme that isn’t there

Question 28

phonemic restoration test

Answer 28

play white noise in place of a missing phoneme and you have to identify what the word is

Question 29

static condition of phonemic restoration

Answer 29

mouth is there and word is being said with a missing phoneme but the mouth is not moving

Question 30

incongruent condition of phonemic restoration

Answer 30

word that is being said and the mouth that is saying it is moving backwards (not matching what is being said)

Question 31

congruent condition of phonmic restoration

Answer 31

the mouth mathced the word that is being said

Question 32

mcgurk effect

Answer 32

what we see overrides what we hear

Question 33

motor theory

Answer 33

speech perception results from inferring motor movements within vocal tract

Question 34

unique characteristics of motor theory

Answer 34

• nativist - we are genetically predisposed to speak
• modular - human speech is special

Question 35

mirror neurons

Answer 35

• larger response when you watch an aciton film and know the intention behind the action

Question 36

criticisms of motor theory

Answer 36

• babies can understand human speech sounds but can’t produce them so how are they mimicing the movements if they can’t make the sound
• nonhuman animals shouldn’t be able to understand human speech but a chinchilla proved it wrong

Question 37

direct realism

Answer 37

sensory signals are organized and require minimal extra processing