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PSY 256 > Animal Communication/Human Language Origin > Flashcards

Animal Communication/Human Language Origin Flashcards

1
Q

who was the first person to compare human nervous system to animal nervous system

A

darwin

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2
Q

natural selection

A

animals will keep and pass down traits that pose as an advantage

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3
Q

fitness

A

animal with advantage traits will pass them down to next generation; find a mate and reproduce successfully

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4
Q

survival adaptation

A

giraffe can reach for food at higher elevations when there might not be food at lower levels

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5
Q

reproduction adaptation

A

makes them attractive to mate
- pretty colours

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6
Q

ethology

A

study of animal behaviour and communication

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7
Q

reasons why animals communicate

A
  • food - alter others of food source
  • friend and foe
  • finding a mate
  • marking territory
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8
Q

different ways communication can be expressed

A
  • visual display - mate attraction via colours
  • vocal display - song birds sing to attract mates
  • motor display - honey bees
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9
Q

how do honey bees communicate

A

they communcate spatial knowledge to other bees through the waggle dance

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10
Q

what is the waggle dance

A

the bees dance to give two pieces of information
- the direction relative to the sun and the distance

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11
Q

rote learning

A

memorization by repetition
- can imagine a use for the stick and alters structure of it

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12
Q

rule learning

A

aquire knowledge of a fixed standard that defines a category
- if you learn one rule, you can take basic rule and apply it across situations over time

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13
Q

bowerbird

A

build a bower where the female stands to watch the male performance

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14
Q

what makes a bower bird attractive/better mate

A
  • high quality bower
  • lots of blue colour in the bird and from other objects the bower bird can find to decorate the bower
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15
Q

birdsong

A

they learn one specific song when they are young and continue to sing it throughout their life

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16
Q

memorization phase (zebra finch birdsong)

A

early phase after they are born and they hear the song from dad and remember it

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17
Q

sensorimotor phase (zebra finch birdsong)

A

undergo the exact motor movements to produce the song
- aka babbelling phase in human babies

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18
Q

subsong

A

experimenting with sounds of language but not quite there yet

19
Q

crystallized song

A

when the song sounds the way it should and it becomes a permanent song

20
Q

brains of songbirds vs non-songbirds

A
  • males regions of the brain for singing are more developed because they are the ones doing the singing
  • the brain region is more developed during spring time because it is mating season and they do lots of singing
21
Q

similarities and differences of vocal learning in songbirds vs humans

A

similarities:
- tutor
- refinement through experience

differences:
- vocal repitoire
- no difference in brain regions from male to female
- purpose: songbirds attract mates, humans have many different reasons for vocalization

22
Q

vocal mimicry

A

parrots
- make lots of different calls
- greater vocal repetition than compared to songbirds

23
Q

fork-tailed drongos

A
  • hangs around other birds to mimic their alarm calls (can cause other animals to scurry away so these birds can swoop in and steal food)
  • truth and lie in calls they make
24
Q

what communication do bats use to find food

A

they use echolocation - ultra high frequency chirps that bounce back off moth
- emit more signals the closer it gets to the moth

25
Q

startle hypothesis

A

clicks disorient the bat; Bat hears and the insect confuses the bat which allows the insect to escape

26
Q

range interference

A

confuses the bat so the bas doesn’t know exact location of moth

27
Q

phantom echo hypothesis

A

distracts the bat into thinking it should og chase one of the echos so the moth can escape

28
Q

what are the sounds elephants make

A
  • trumpet - high freq
    -rumble - low freq
29
Q

whale song

A
  • produced by males travelling alone
  • phrases - smallest units
  • theme - made up of phrases
  • song - made up of themes
30
Q

cultural transmission of whale song

A

male whales can change their song from other whales in the area

31
Q

cooperative feeding in dolphins

A

signal to other dolphins where the food source is so that the next time the other dolphin can signal where the food is

32
Q

prey response in dolphins

A

call that disrupts the fish they prey upon making them easier to catch

33
Q

how does dolphin ecolocation work?

A

clicks are produced by phonic lips and redirected by the melon

34
Q

Viki the chimpanzee

A

early attempt to teach chimp to speak but she couldn’t

35
Q

how has the vocal tract changed with evolution

A

moved down in the throat

36
Q

washoe

A

ape that learned sign language, couldn’t make sentences

37
Q

koko

A

also learned sign language but was immersed in it from birth

38
Q

kanzi

A
  • first ape to understand spoken english
  • identify symbols using a lexigram
39
Q

specific characteristics of animal communicaiton

A
  • only know so many alarm calls
  • holophrases
  • limited combining of symbols and sounds
  • lack of displacement - communicating something happening right now
40
Q

continuity theory (theory of language development)

A

individual words to something with more grammar then full sentences

41
Q

discontinuity theory (theory of language development)

A

happened quick; creature who came along already had the vocal tract and could communicate in a sophisticated way so language developed in a generation or 2

42
Q

pidgin language

A
  • 1 or 2 word combinations
  • used for identification and alarm calls
43
Q

creole language

A

consistent grammer/rules

44
Q

properties of sophisticated language

A
  • symbolic - individual sounds (phonemes)
  • generative - from the unlimited sounds, we can have unlimited words
  • structured - grammar rules

PSY 256 (9 decks)

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