Speech - Lesson 2

Question 1

who we believe ourselves and others to be

influences how we communicate

Answer 1

Social Perception

Question 2

is the process of selectively attending and assigning meaning to information

Answer 2

Perception

Question 3

because we cannot focus on everything we see and hear all the time, we choose what stimuli to concentrate on based on our needs, interests, and expectation

Answer 3

ATTENTION AND SELECTION

Question 4

we pay attention to information that meets our biological and psychological needs

Answer 4

Needs

Question 5

we pay attention to information that piques our interests

Answer 5

Interests

Question 6

we are likely to see what we expect to see and miss what violates our expectations

Answer 6

Expectations

Question 7

is where we sort and categorize information

Answer 7

ORGANIZATION

Question 8

if the stimuli we attend to are complex, our brains simplify them into some commonly recognized form

we simplify both the nonverbal and verbal messages we receive

Answer 8

Simplicity

Question 9

the brain also makes sense of complex stimuli by relating them to things it already recognizes
instead of perceiving them individually, we may focus on the crowd’s general characteristics

example: sex or age

Answer 9

Pattern

Question 10

as the brain selects and organizes information, it also assigns meaning to it

Answer 10

INTERPRETATION

Question 11

most of the processing we do happens subconsciously a subconscious approach to making sense of what we encounter.

Answer 11

DUAL PROCESSING

Question 12

is a subconscious approach to making sense of what we encounter.

Answer 12

automatic processing

Question 13

short-cut rules of thumb for understanding how to perceive something based on past experiences with similar stimuli

mental shortcuts that allow people to solve problems

example:
If it is raining outside, you should bring an umbrella.
You choose not to drive after having one too many drinks.

Answer 13

heuristics

Question 14

is a slow deliberative process of examining and reflecting on the stimuli

Answer 14

conscious processing-

Question 15

is the overall view we have of ourselves, which includes both self-concept and self-esteem.

Answer 15

Self-perception

Question 16

is the perception we have of our skills, abilities, knowledge, competencies, and personality (Weiten, Dunn, & Hammer, 2012).

Answer 16

Self-concept

Question 17

is the evaluation we make about our personal worthiness based on our self-concept (Hewitt, 2009; Smith & Mackie, 2007)

Answer 17

Self-esteem

Question 18

we decide what our skills, abilities, and personality are based on the interpretations we make about our personal experiences and how others react and respond to us.

personal experiences are critical to forming our self-concept.

we place a great deal of emphasis on our first experiences with particular phenomena (Bee & Boyd, 2011)

Answer 18

Self Concept

Question 19

we use people’s comments to validate, reinforce, or alter our perceptions of who we think we are

the feedback we receive may reveal abilities and personality characteristics we had never associated with ourselves

Answer 19

Self Concept

Question 20

is what we would like to be

the way in which a person would like to see himself

Answer 20

Ideal Self Concept

Question 21

is the positive or negative evaluation we attach to our competencies

not just our perception of how well or poorly we do things, but also the importance
we place on what we do well or poorly

It takes both the perception of having a competency or trait and a belief that it is valuable to produce high self-esteem.

Answer 21

Self-esteem

Question 22

repeatedly sent can create an inaccurate self-concept and damage self-esteem.

Communicating blame, name-calling, and pointing out shortcomings

damaging to self-esteem and some people never fully overcome the damage done to them by members of their families.

Answer 22

Negative messages

Question 23

Self-esteem affects our relationships

Answer 23

people with high self-esteem form relationships with people who reinforce positive self-perceptions

people with low self-esteem tend to form relationships with people who reinforce negative self-perceptions

If your esteem is low, you’re likely to settle for less, and never ask for what you want within relationships.

people with low self-esteem’s resistance to addressing concerns may stem from a fear of negative outcomes.

Question 24

use of technology and social media to harass others in a deliberate, repeated, and hostile manner

have long-lasting effects and may cause inaccurate self-perceptions

Answer 24

Cyberbullying

Question 25

play a critical role in shaping both self-concept and self-esteem

by their independence/interdependence and masculinity/femininity.

Answer 25

Cultural norms

Question 26

based on the belief that traits and abilities are internal to the person

goal: showcase themselves

Answer 26

Independent self-perceptions

Question 27

based on the belief that traits and abilities are specific to a particular context or relationship

goal: to maintain relationships

likely to be conscious of others and their relationships and to adjust their behavior to accommodate others.

Answer 27

Interdependent self-perceptions

Question 28

Many people continue to expect boys to behave in “masculine” ways and girls to behave in “feminine”

men are expected to have more freedom and provide for their families, while the women usually stay at home and complete chores as well as take care of the elderly and children of the household.

Answer 28

Masculinity and femininity

Question 29

depends on the accuracy of our perceptions of our experiences and observations
of how we interpret others’ reactions and responses to us

accurate self-perception is critical to competent communication.

Self-perception may suffer from incongruence when there is a gap between self-perception and reality

“if a person has the abilities but no self-esteem then it is pointless”

Answer 29

Accuracy and Distortion of Self-Perceptions

Question 30

is an inaccurate perception of skill, characteristic, or situation that leads to behaviors that perpetuate that false perception as true

may be self-created or other-imposed
predictions we make about ourselves.

Self-imposed prophecies occur when your own expectations influence your actions.

Answer 30

Self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 31

our self-perceptions can also become distorted through the way we filter what others say to us

we pay attention to messages that reinforce our self-perception and ignore messages that contradict this image.

Answer 31

Filtering messages

Question 32

through our interpretation of what we see on television

we strive to copy the characteristics and behaviors of the characters portrayed as perfect examples or “ideal types”

For example: in the ph culture, most tv commercials advertise that having whiter skin is better than being “morena”

Answer 32

Media images

Question 33

is the internal conversations we have with ourselves in our thoughts

Answer 33

COMMUNICATION AND SELF PERCEPTION
Self-talk (a.k.a. intrapersonal communication)

Question 34

influences how we talk about ourselves with others

to preempt the possibility of others commenting on their mistakes, peeps with low self-esteem often do it first

kumbaga SELF DEPRECATION

Answer 34

Self Perception

Question 35

“There’s no way I can do that”

Answer 35

negative self-perception = negative self-talk

Question 36

“I know I can do it”

Answer 36

positive self-perception = positive self-talk

Question 37

the more accurate our self-perception the more likely we are to perceive other accurately

the more positive our self-perception is, the more likely we are to see other favorably

people who accept themselves as they tend to be more accepting of others; similarly, those with a negative self-perception are more likely to be critical of others.

our own personal characteristics influence the types of characteristics we are likely to perceive in others.

people who are secure tend to see others as equally secure

Answer 37

Self Perception

Question 38

when we communicate with others, most of us share only the parts we believe are appropriate to the situation

an individual forms an idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society

Answer 38

Social Construction of Self

Question 39

is the internal process of being aware of how we are coming across to others and adjusting our behavior accordingly

involves being sensitive to other people’s feedback and using that information to determine how we will respond

If you have ever been in a situation where you made a remark and did not get the response you expected, you may have thought to yourself, “Ooh, I wish I hadn’t said that. I wonder how to fix it.”

Some people are naturally high self-monitors, constantly aware of how they are coming across to others.

But even low self-monitors are likely to self-monitor when they are in a new situation or relationship.

Answer 39

Self-monitoring

Question 40

can help alter our self-concept and improve our self-esteem

anyone can improve their negative self-concept and self-esteem through hard work and practice

Answer 40

Therapy and self-help techniques

Question 41

conceptualized by Charles Berger and Richard Calabrese in 1975
explains how individuals monitor their social environment in order to know more about themselves and others

When people interact, they look for information to help them understand who their partner is and predict what their partner is likely to do. As we reduce uncertainty, we usually become more comfortable communicating

To reduce uncertainty, we form impressions and make judgments about others as we interact with them.

example: an individual is about to make an appointment or when two employees communicate with each other and who have never met in the past.

Answer 41

Uncertainty Reduction

Question 42

engage in a variety of processes to form our perceptions about others

can be based on physical appearance, perceived personality, and assumed similarity

Answer 42

Processes Impression Formation.

Question 43

the first thing we notice about other people is how they look

one study found that we assess how attractive, likable, trustworthy, competent, and aggressive we think people are after looking at their faces for only 100 milliseconds

Answer 43

Physical Appearance

Question 44

impressions based on assumptions we make about another’s personality.

our tendency to assume that two or more personality characteristics go together.
if you meet someone who volunteers at a homeless shelter, you might assume that he is compassionate,

When you meet someone new, you form an impression of them, but this first impression is based on very limited information. The impressions that you form are influenced by a variety of factors including due assumptions, biases, and patterns that inform our assessments of others.

Answer 44

Implicit Personality Theory

Question 45

we form impressions on others by thinking that others who share one characteristic with us also share others.

assuming someone is similar to us in a variety of ways until we get information that contradicts this assumption

Answer 45

Assumed Similarity

Question 46

predicting something depends on understanding the cause and effect relationship between two things.
So when we see someone acting a certain way we try to figure out why. Then we use this explanation of how that person will act in similar situations in the future.

Answer 46

Making Attributions

Question 47

are reasons we give for others and our own behavior.

If you believe it is not her fault, you are likely to be concerned, understanding, and supportive. On the other hand, if you made a dispositional attribution, you are likely to be annoyed or hurt.

Answer 47

Attributions

Question 48

a reason that is beyond the control of the person

Answer 48

SITUATIONAL ATTRIBUTION

Question 49

attributing behavior to some cause that is under the control of the person. So you may perceive that your co-worker is forgetful, self-absorbed, or insensitive to others.

Answer 49

DISPOSITIONAL ATTRIBUTION

Question 50

is the perceptual distortion that arises from paying attention only to what we expect to see or hear and ignoring what we don’t expect.

Answer 50

Selective perception

Question 51

is the inaccurate attempt to make several perceptions of another person agree with each other

arises from our need to eliminate contradictions

Answer 51

Forced consistency

Question 52

is judging a person based on the characteristics of a group to which the person belongs without regard to how the person may vary from the group (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2010).

Prejudices are based on stereotypes

Answer 52

Prejudice

Question 53

exaggerated or oversimplified generalizations used to describe a group.
Prejudice can lead to discrimination, which is acting differently toward a person based on prejudice (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2010).

Prejudice deals with perception and attitudes, while discrimination involves actions.

Answer 53

Stereotypes