Speech and Language

Question 1

4 processes of speech

Answer 1

• Respiration
• Phonation
• Articulation
• Resonation

Question 2

5 dimensions of language

Answer 2

• Phonology
• Morphology
• Syntax
• Semantics
• Pragmatics

Question 3

Broca’s area

Answer 3

• Brodmann areas 44 and 45
• Inability to produce speech
• Area 44: phonological processing
• Area 45: semantic aspects of language–verbal memory

Question 4

Wernicke’s area

Answer 4

• Problems understanding language
• Brodmann area 22
• Representation of phonetic sequences
• Subregions: responding to spoken words, responding only to words spoken by someone else, producing speech

Question 5

Inferior parietal lobule

Answer 5

• Composed of angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus

- Language processing node

Question 6

Angular gyrus

Answer 6

• Area 39

- Semantic processing (along with posterior cingulate)

Question 7

Supramarginal gyrus

Answer 7

• Area 40

- Phonological and articulatory processing of words

Question 8

Homonyms

Answer 8

• Words with same sound but different spellings

- Activated L hemisphere posterior central sulcus and inferior frontal gyrus

Question 9

Synonyms

Answer 9

-Activated broader regions in the inferior temporal and frontal lobes

Question 10

Limbic vocalization circuit

Answer 10

-Limbic system cingulate projections activates PAG which allows for primitive vocalizations

Question 11

Global aphasia

Answer 11

• Receptive and expressive aphasia

- Widespread damage

Question 12

Conduction aphasia

Answer 12

• Difficulty repeating words or phrases
• Mix up sounds in words and make transformations or omissions
• Damage in the auditory cortex, insula, or supramarginal gyrus

Question 13

Anomic aphasia

Answer 13

• Have a hard time finding certain words

- Parietal lobe damage limited to angular gyrus or just above it

Question 14

Anarthria

Answer 14

-Can’t articulate the words that would convey their thoughts

Question 15

Alexia

Answer 15

• Cannot read but can still write

- Damage to inferior part of left occipital and temporal lobes

Question 16

Dyslexia

Answer 16

• Confuse certain sounds or letters that are visually similar
• Abnormalities in layering of cortical cells especially in left frontal and temporal cortices?
• Same size planum temporale? (in normal patients the L is bigger than the R)

Question 17

Indirect context disorders

Answer 17

• Hemineglect, anosognosia (unawareness of deficits)

- R hemisphere damage

Question 18

Direct context disorders

Answer 18

• Affect communication and cognition
• R hemisphere damage
• Pragmatic communication disorders
• Prosody
• Discourse organization
• Comprehension of non-literal language

Question 19

Wada procedure

Answer 19

• Inactivate one hemisphere of the brain

- Can still produce rudimentary language even when L hemisphere is turned off