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Unit 4 > Chronobiology > Flashcards

Chronobiology Flashcards

1
Q

Part of the brain regulating REM

A

-Pons

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2
Q

Stage 1 sleep

A
  • Light sleep or NREM

- High frequency, low voltage theta waves

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3
Q

Stage 0 sleep

A
  • Drousy
  • Alpha waves
  • Beta waves (when more excited)
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4
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

-Start to see K complexes and sleep spindles

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5
Q

Stage 3 sleep

A

-Start to see delta waves

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6
Q

Stage 4 sleep

A
  • Delta waves are greater than 50%
  • Parasympathetic control
  • Lowered vital signs
  • Restorative, deepest sleep
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7
Q

REM

A
  • Sawtooth waves
  • Desynchronized, paradoxical, activated
  • Low voltage, high frequency with random fast sawtooth waves
  • Paralysis occurs
  • Dreams occur
  • Eyes move and erections occur
  • Sympathetic tone dominates
  • Likely controlled by LDT/PPT ACh firing
  • Atonia: GABA and glycine released into spinal motor neuron tracts
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8
Q

Reticular formation

A

-Main system that keeps you awake

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9
Q

6 transmitters that keep you awake

A
  • ACh
  • Glutamine
  • Norepi
  • Dopamine
  • Histamine
  • Serotonin
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10
Q

ACh

A
  • Role in wakefulness and REM
  • Comes from basal forebrain and the laterodorsal and pendunculopontine nuclei
  • LDT and PPT projection to thalamus is most robustly involved in wakefulness
  • BF can also lower sleepyness through projection of GABA
  • Pushes you into REM sleep
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11
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • Role in wakefulness
  • Produced by locus coeruleus
  • Optimizes attention and task performance
  • Excessive firing can cause insomnia and anxiety at night
  • Inhibited by A1 and A2 receptors in a feedback loop (can use BP medications to lessen anxiety and nightmares!)
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12
Q

Histamine

A
  • Role in wakefulness
  • Produced by tuberomammilary nucleus in posterior hypothalamus
  • H1 receptors=wakefulness
  • H3 autoreceptors inhibit HA activity so antagonizing H3 receptors promotes wakefulness
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13
Q

Serotonin (5HT)

A
  • Generally promotes wakefulness and inhibits REM but there are 15 different receptors that contribute different effects
  • Produced in dorsal raphe nucleus
  • May push from deep sleep to light sleep
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14
Q

Dopamine

A
  • Role in wakefulness
  • Produced in substantia nigra (movement), ventral tegmental area (reward)
  • Ventral periaqueductal gray in pons fires during wakefulness
  • Motivational arousal as opposed to task oriented alertness
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15
Q

Orexin/hypocretin

A
  • Not part of RAS
  • Excitaroy neuropeptides
  • Make in lateral hypothalamus
  • Wakefulness regulators
  • “back up generator”
  • Innervate other wakefulness areas
  • Fire only when awake
  • Sustain wakefulness
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16
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Uses glutamateric neurons to facilitate cortical arousal and GABAergic neurons to dampen ascending arousal pathways when sleep is needed
  • Sleep spindles likely to originate here–during REM thalamic neurons are hyperpolarized
  • REM and wakefulness–ACh input to those same neurons
17
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

-Governs the 24 hour sleep-wake clock

18
Q

Ventrolateral and median preoptic areas

A
  • Of the lateral hypothalamus
  • OFF switch
  • Uses GABA and galanin to shut down the wakefulness apparatus
  • Fire rigorously during NREM
  • MNPO: fires when drifting into sleep
  • VLPO: fires while asleep
19
Q

Melanin concentrating hormone

A

-MCH parallels orexin innervations but dampen other arousal center conversely

20
Q

GABA and Galanin

A

-Push you into sleep and into deeper sleep

21
Q

What pushes from REM to lighter sleep?

A

-Norepi, dopa, serotonin

22
Q

Adenosine homeostasis

A
  • Increases while awake during metabolism (ATP breakdown)
  • Inhibitory feedback to wakefulness centers and stimulates the VLPO sleep center so sleep occurs
  • Caffeine can counter
23
Q

Cytokines interleukin-1B, tumor necrosis factor alpha

A
  • Promote sleep–somnogens
  • Increase in the evening
  • Derived from brain parenchyma
24
Q

Prostaglandin D2

A
  • Promotes NREM sleep–somnogen

- Synthesized in meninges

25
Q

Homeostatic drive

A
  • Sleep drive increases the longer one stays awake–adenosine builds up
  • During sleep adenosine converts back to ATP
26
Q

Circadian clock

A

-Lack of light via optic nerves signals suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothalamus to allow melatonin release from the pineal gland

27
Q

Melatonin

A
  • May drive 24 hour circadian rhythm
  • MT1 receptor stimulation dampens ARAS
  • MT2 receptor stimulation keeps SCN tuned to 24 hr clock
28
Q

Clock genes

A
  • CRY
  • CLOCK
  • BMAL1
  • PER1
  • Fluctuate on a 24 hr basis
  • Can work in counterphases
29
Q

Zeitgebers

A
  • Gene & environment interactions

- Light, temp, food, exercise, socialization, melatonin, caffeine

30
Q

Brain activity decrease in sleep deprivation

A
  • Anterior cingulate gyrus
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Thalamus
31
Q

Likely cause of narcolepsy

A

-Bad orexin system

32
Q

Central apnea

A
  • Brain stem forgets to make you breath

- Wear a monitor that wakes you up

33
Q

Obstructive apnea

A

-Due to weight gain, age, atrophy

34
Q

Leg movements

A
  • Nocturnal myoclonus
  • Restless legs–creeping sensations, conscious movement
  • Treat both with D2 receptor agonists
35
Q

Sleep terror disorder

A
  • Unlike nightmares, person has no memory
  • 1st third of night
  • NREM (stage 3 or 4)
36
Q

Bruxism

A
  • Teeth grinding

- Stage 2 usually

37
Q

Somniloquy

A

-Sleeptalking

38
Q

Somnambulism

A

-Sleep walking

39
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder

A
  • Loss atonia during REM
  • Act out dreams
  • D2 agonists treat

Unit 4 (17 decks)

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