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Unit 4 > Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Two general classes of hypothalamic function

A
  • Homeostasis: maintains balance of functions within a narrow range
  • Allostasis: attempts to maintain balance in the face of changing conditions, often leading to variable responses
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2
Q

Major subdivisons of the hypothalamus

A
  • Anterior region–lateral and medial preoptic nuclei, SCN
  • Tuberal region–PVN, arcuate, supraoptic, anterior, ventromedial, and dorsomedial nuclei
  • Lateral-posterior region–posterior area and mammilary bodies
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3
Q

Hyperthermia

A

-Affects anterior hypothalamus which controls the heat-loss mechanism

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4
Q

Hypothermia

A

-Affects posterior hypothalamus which controls the heat-conservation mechanism

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5
Q

Genital dystrophy and abnormalities in sexual development

A

-Tuberal region

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6
Q

Feeding, obesity, and emaciation

A
  • Obesity: lesions of ventromedial hypothalamus

- Emaciation: lesions of lateral hypothalamus

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7
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

-Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei (from which ADH is synthesized)

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8
Q

Hypertension

A

-Excess release of corticotropin-releasing factor in medial hypothalamus

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9
Q

Sleep disorders

A

-Lesions of posterior hypothalamus-midbrain border

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10
Q

Aggression and rage behavior

A

-Tumors in medial hypothalamus

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11
Q

Superior hypophysial artery

A

-Supplies portal system in the median eminence from which drain the long portal veins to the adenohypophysis

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12
Q

Inferior hypophysial artery

A
  • Supplies the portal system in the intermediate lobe which empties via the short portal veins into the adenohypophysis
  • Also supplies a portal system in the neurohypophysis
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13
Q

Main hypothalamic functions

A
  • Limbic
  • Autonomic
  • Neuroendocrine
  • Body temperature
  • Energy metabolism/food intake
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14
Q

Hypothalamus role in neuroendocrine function

A

-Regulates hormone release from the pituitary gland by axons that either project onto it or secrete releasing factors into the portal systems

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15
Q

Hypothalamus role in temperature regulation

A
  • Temperature signals sent via spinohypothalamic tract
  • Anterior hypothalamus (ahhh) regulates sweating to reduce body temp
  • Posterior hypothalamus (p-p-please) regulates shivering to increase body temp
  • Pre-optic nucleus compares input with internal set-point temperature
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16
Q

Determinants of hunger

A
  • Physiological signals
  • Adrenergic receptors in medial hypothalamus
  • Serotonergic, dopinergic, and beta adrenergic receptors in the lateral hypothalamus
17
Q

Neurotransmitters involved in eating

A
  • Opiods: involved in pleasure and pain
  • Corticotropic releasing factor: stress related
  • Monoamines: involved in moods
  • Gaba: involved in anxiety
18
Q

Factors that inhibit food intake

A
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine
  • Leptin
  • Corticotrophin-releasing factor
  • MSH
  • CART
  • Calcitonin gene related peptide
  • Amylin
  • Glucagon
  • Glucagon-like peptide 1
19
Q

Factors that stimulate food intake

A
  • Ghrelin
  • NPY
  • Cholecystokinin
  • Neurotensin
  • Bombesin
  • Agouti-related protein
20
Q

Orexigenic signals

A
  • Feed me!
  • Empty stomach releases ghrelin–>NPY increases in the arcuate nucleus within 6 hours of food deprivation
  • Lateral hypothalamus area and paraventricular nucleus stimulate food intake
  • AGRP increases in the arcuate nucleus and blocks action of anorexigenic MSH and MC3 and MC4 receptors
  • NPY expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus also express receptors for leptin and insulin and are inhibited by these satiety signals
21
Q

Anorexigenic signals

A
  • No thank you!
  • Leptin, insulin, MSH, cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript, POMC, and glucagon like peptides 1 and 2 fall with food deprivation and rise with overfeeding
  • Key signals are gamma and alpha MSH acting at MC3 and MC4 receptors.
  • CART is an antagonist of orexigenic NPY
22
Q

Disorders producing diminished appetite-Anorexia

A
  • Lateral hypothalamic lesions
  • Advanced degenerative brain disease
  • Systemic medical illnesses
  • Psychiatric disorders: depression, anorexia nervosa
23
Q

Disorders producing increased appetite- Hyperphagia

A
  • Medial hypothalamic lesions
  • Bilateral temporal lobe injury (kluver-bucy)
  • Psychiatric disorders: mania, depression, bulimia
  • Prader Willi
24
Q

Prader Willi Syndrome

A
  • Paternal genes are not expressed on chromosome 15
  • Disrupts normal function of the hypothalamus
  • Uncontrollable hunger, stunted growth, sexual underdevelopment, slowed mental/motor development

Unit 4 (17 decks)

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