Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Cranial nerves originating in Medulla
& consequential Medulla pathology presentation
- Glossopharyngeal (9), Vagus (10), Hypoglossal (12), Spinal Accessory (11)
- Ataxic, disrupted breathing, irregular heartbeats
Cranial nerves originating in Pons
& consequential Pons pathology presentation
- Trigem (5), Abducens (6), Facial (7), Vestibulocochlear (8-partially in medulla)
- Loss of facial sensation, medial eye deviation, facial muscle weakness, ipsilateral hearing/balance issues
Cranial nerves originating in Midbrain
& consequential Midbrain pathology presentation
- Oculomotor (3), Trochlear (4)
- Dilated pupil, restricted eye movements, coma
Precentral gyrus
Somatosensory
Postcentral gyrus
Motor
Superior parietal lobule lesion
Apraxia–inability to bring limb under sensory or cognitive control
Inferior parietal lobule lesion
- Dominant hemisphere=Wernicke’s
- Nondominant hemisphere= contralateral hemineglect
Heschel’s gyrus
- In temporal lobe
- Bilateral damage produces an inability to identify sounds
Inferior frontal gyrus
- Dominant hemisphere=Broca’s area
- If damaged=inability to generate fluent speech, but can understand completely
Prefrontal cortex
- Personality, planning and sequencing of complex tasks
- Damage can lead to personality changes
Anterior Spinal Artery Stroke
- Affects ventral 2/3 of SC and the medial medulla
- Branch in SC: paralysis, loss of pain and temp sense below the occlusion
- Branch in medulla: contralateral sensory loss and paresis, ipsilateral tongue paralysis
PICA Stroke
- Affects dorsolateral medulla/pons, medial cerebellum, and cerebellar cortex
- Wallenberg’s syndrome: vertigo, loss of balance, ipsilateral cerebellar signs, loss of facial pain sensation, hoarsness
AICA Stroke
- Affects inferior surface of cerebellar cortex, dorsolateral pons
- Ipsilateral cerebellar signs, facial paralysis, ipsilateral hearing loss, loss of pain and temperature over face ipsilaterally
Basilar branches stroke
- Affects pons, anterior midbrain (crus cerebri)
- Paralysis and loss of sensation in the face, body and limbs; can affect eye movements, diplopia
Superior cerebellar stroke
- Affects superior surface of cerebellum, dorsolateral corner of rostral pons
- Ipsilateral cerebellar signs, contralateral pain and temp loss, Horner’s
Posterior cerebral stroke
- Affects occipital lobe, medial portions of parietal and temporal lobes, anterior & posterior midbrain, crus cerebri, posterior thalamus
- Unilateral: blindness in visual field contralateral to affected side, alexia
- Top of the basilar: bilateral blindness, memory loss, somatosensory loss, coma, death
Posterior communicating branches stoke
- Affects anterior midbrain, crus cerebri, thalamus
- Contralateral paresis, coma, death
Middle cerebral stroke
- Most common
- Affects lateral surface of the cortex, insula
- Contralateral paralysis and sensory loss; apraxia, aphasia, partial blindness
Anterior cerebral stroke
- Affects medial surface of parietal and frontal lobes
- Contralateral paralysis and sensory loss in leg and foot, sometimes apraxia
Lenticulostriate stroke
- Affects basal ganglia, amygdala, internal capsule, anterior thalamus
- Involuntary movements, paralysis, sensory deficits over entire 1/2 of body (contralateral), homonymous visual field deficits
Anterior choroidal stroke
- Affects hippocampus, anterior choroid plexus, posterior internal capsule
- Paralysis, sensory deficits, visual field defect
Basal ganglia components
- Caudate, putamen (together the striatum), and globus pallidus
- Also substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus
Interventricular foramen/Foramen of Munro
-Allows communication from lateral ventricles to the third ventricle
BBB capillary endothelium specializations
-Tight junctions, few endocytic vesicles, high number of mitochondria
CSF exits 4th ventricle through
- Foramen of Magendie at midline of caudal edge of the ventricle
- Foramen of Luschka at the lateral edge of the ventricle
