Speech and Discourse Flashcards
What are Lakoff’s 3 Maxims of Politeness?
- Don’t impose
- Give options
- Make the listener feel good
What is hedging?
Adding phrases such as “kind of” or “sort of” to suggest uncertainty.
What are micro-pauses?
Pauses that are less than a second, identified by (.)
What are fillers?
Phrases such as “er”, “um” or “hm” that buy time during spontaneous speech.
What are discourse markers?
Phrases that demand attention from the interlocutor(s) .
What is a false start?
When a statement is re-started to re-evaluate the importance of order of events or facts.
What are tag questions?
Phrases such as “y’know” that suggest a speaker is seeking support.
What does ULAS stand for?
Understanding
Listening
Agreement
Support
What is suggested by lexical/grammar repetition?
Emphasis placed on a statement or opinion OR used similarly to fillers during spontaneous speech.
What are the 4 types of spoken discourse?
Phatic - to fulfil social obligation
Referential - to provide information
Transactional - to achieve a purpose
Expressive - to convey feelings
What is a minimal response?
What are Sacks’ Turn Taking Rules?
- Speak one at a time
- Turns should be finished uninterrupted
- The current speaker can nominate the next speaker
- There should be no gaps in a conversation
- There should be a TRP at the end of a turn
What is a TRP
Transitional Relevance Point - the point at the end of a speaker’s sentence where the next speaker can be nominated.
What are the 4 types of Topic ____
Topic Loop - returning to a previous point
Topic Shift - abruptly moving to a new topic
Topic Drift - moving naturally to a new topic within a conversation
Topic Control - the dominant speaker decides the topic of conversation
What is an adjacency pair?
A set of two sentences/phrases that serve as a socially expected response or initiator of conversation e.g. Question/Answer or Request/Denial
