Social Class

Question 1

What percentage of upper-middle class people use the velar nasal in casual style?

Answer 1

29%

Question 2

What percentage of working class people use the velar nasal in casual style?

Answer 2

0%

Question 3

What percentage of lower-working class people use the velar nasal in word-list style?

Answer 3

28%

Question 4

What percentage of middle-working class people use the velar nasal in word-list style?

Answer 4

42%

Question 5

What percentage of upper-middle class people use the velar nasal in word-list style?

Answer 5

100%

Question 6

Which theory did Henry Tajfel propose?

Answer 6

Social Identity Theory

Question 7

What is Social Identity Theory

Answer 7

Group identities separate themselves as ‘us’ and ‘them’.

Question 8

What does stereotyping exaggerate?

Answer 8

Similarities within a group
Differences between groups

Question 9

What is overt prestige?

Answer 9

Obvious advantages

Question 10

What is covert stigma?

Answer 10

Subtle disadvantages

Question 11

Define prescriptivism

Answer 11

A belief that there is a correct and incorrect way of speaking in adherence with traditional language rules e.g. use of Standard English.

Question 12

Define descriptivism

Answer 12

The belief that language changes over time and is determined by the current users; there is no incorrect way of speaking.

Question 13

Who conducted a study on U and Non-U Language?

Answer 13

Alan Ross

Question 14

What did Alan Ross’ study reveal?

Answer 14

Middle class speakers give themselves away as middle class by using lexical shibboleths.

Question 15

What is a shibboleth?

Answer 15

Euphemistic and wrongly pretentious phrases falsely presumed to be used by the upper class.

Question 16

Who conducted a study exploring restricted and elaborated code?

Answer 16

Basil Bernstein

Question 17

What did Bernstein’s research reveal?

Answer 17

Middle class speakers can switch between RC and EC whereas working class speakers are limited to RC.

Question 18

What did Bernstein claim about restricted and elaborated code?

Answer 18

Both are useful and neither are incorrect.

Question 19

Define restricted code.

Answer 19

Informal and implicit language understood only by those within a social circle or area.

Question 20

Define elaborated code.

Answer 20

Formal and explicit language understood by everyone.

Question 21

Which study did Peter Trudgill conduct?

Answer 21

The Norwich Study

Question 22

What did Trudgill investigate?

Answer 22

G-Dropping in Norwich in relation to both class and style

Question 23

What is G-Dropping?

Answer 23

The use of the alveolar nasal instead of the velar nasal. (Walking -> Walkin’)