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Gender Flashcards

1
Q

Who proposed the Deference Model?

A

Robin Lakoff

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2
Q

What are 3 characteristics of Women’s Language?

A

Any 3 from:
Hedges, Super-politeness, Hyper correctness, Tags, Italics, Empty Adjectives, Implication, Special Lexicon, Question Intonation or Lack of Humour

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3
Q

Who criticised Lakoff’s research?

A

Dubois and Crouch

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4
Q

What were Dubois and Crouch’s criticisms?

A
  1. Men use more tag questions
  2. Tags can show politeness and a desire for cooperation
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5
Q

Who proposed the Dominance Model?

A

Zimmerman and West

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6
Q

Which speech features did Zimmerman and West investigate?

A

Tag Questions and Minimal Responses

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7
Q

Who criticised Zimmerman and West

A

Beattie and Eakens and Eakens

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8
Q

What were Beattie’s criticisms of Zimmerman’s research?

A
  1. The sample was too small
  2. Interruptions can reflect enthusiasm
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9
Q

Who proposed the Difference Model?

A

Deborah Tannen

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10
Q

Who proposed the Diversity model?

A

Janet Hyde

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11
Q

What was Eakens and Eakens’ criticism of Zimmerman’s research?

A

Zimmerman and West’s study ignores hierarchical preference

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12
Q

When do men interrupt most?

A

During mixed-sex conversation

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13
Q

Who conducted the bakery study?

A

Pilkington

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14
Q

What did Pilkington’s study reveal about men?

A

Men:
1. Find long pauses acceptable
2. Disagree often
3. Use mocking insults

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15
Q

What did Pilkington’s study reveal about women?

A

Women
1. Affirm solidarity
2. Focus on feelings
3. Support eachother’s points
4. Frequently agree

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16
Q

What did Pamela Fishman find?

A

Women use tag questions, specifically “y’know”, 5x more than men to ask for support and cooperation

17
Q

What did Janet Holmes find?

A

Women use more addressee-oriented tag questions whereas men use more speaker-oriented tag questions

18
Q

What did Victoria DeFrancisco find?

A
  1. Women introduce more topics and perform “conversational shitwork”
  2. Male inexpressiveness is used to control conversation
19
Q

Which categories did Deborah Jones propose for women’s talk?

A
  1. House Talk
  2. Scandal
  3. Bitching
  4. Chatting
20
Q

What did Carmen Fought find?

A

Uptalk and vocal fry is seen as a sign of stupidity and immaturity

21
Q

Who proposed the Androcentric Principle?

A

Anne Bodine

22
Q

Men use report talk, women use…

A

Rapport talk

23
Q

Who conducted the Courtroom Study?

A

O’Barr and Atkins

24
Q

Which two linguists rejected biological essentialism and determined that language is chosen to reflect gender identity

A

Deborah Cameron and Judith Butler

25
Q

What did Helena Leet-Pellegrini find?

A

Male experts are most verbose, Female non-experts are least verbose and female experts and male non-experts are equally dominant in conversation

26
Q

Who proposed Man-Made Language

A

Dale Spender

27
Q

What is an effect of He/Man language?

A
  1. Women’s societal contributions are ignored
  2. Minorities are treated as oddities, separating them from “normal people”
28
Q

What are some features of sexist language?

A

Gratuitous modifiers, Marked forms, Negative Semantic Space, “Generic Man”, Non-Equivalent Parallels

29
Q

What is a gratuitous modifier? Give an example

A

Adjectives used without a semantic reason to highlight an oddity e.g. Female Lawyer

30
Q

What is a marked form? Give an example

A

Unnecessarily gendered nouns used to highlight separation e.g. Actor/Actress

31
Q

Who proposed the idea of Negative Semantic Space?

A

Julia Smith

32
Q

What is Negative Semantic Space?

A

Nouns referring to women are only used when men are not referred to

33
Q

What is a prescriptivist viewpoint on the usage of the generic use of “he”?

A

Prescriptivist are more concerned with noun/pronoun agreement focusing on the number of people rather than the gender, so they discourage the use of “they”

34
Q

What are honorifics used for?

A

To determine a woman’s marital status depending on her title e.g. Miss or Mrs

35
Q

Do honorifics reveal a man’s marital status?

A

No, there is no distinction between titles for men

36
Q

What is a non-equivalent parallel? Give an example

A

A noun with extra, pejorative connotations to it’s male equivalent e.g. Dog/Bitch

37
Q

What are Corpus Linguistics used for?

A

To analyse patterns or trends in current language use

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