Gender

Question 1

Who proposed the Deference Model?

Answer 1

Robin Lakoff

Question 2

What are 3 characteristics of Women’s Language?

Answer 2

Any 3 from:
Hedges, Super-politeness, Hyper correctness, Tags, Italics, Empty Adjectives, Implication, Special Lexicon, Question Intonation or Lack of Humour

Question 3

Who criticised Lakoff’s research?

Answer 3

Dubois and Crouch

Question 4

What were Dubois and Crouch’s criticisms?

Answer 4

1. Men use more tag questions
2. Tags can show politeness and a desire for cooperation

Question 5

Who proposed the Dominance Model?

Answer 5

Zimmerman and West

Question 6

Which speech features did Zimmerman and West investigate?

Answer 6

Tag Questions and Minimal Responses

Question 7

Who criticised Zimmerman and West

Answer 7

Beattie and Eakens and Eakens

Question 8

What were Beattie’s criticisms of Zimmerman’s research?

Answer 8

1. The sample was too small
2. Interruptions can reflect enthusiasm

Question 9

Who proposed the Difference Model?

Answer 9

Deborah Tannen

Question 10

Who proposed the Diversity model?

Answer 10

Janet Hyde

Question 11

What was Eakens and Eakens’ criticism of Zimmerman’s research?

Answer 11

Zimmerman and West’s study ignores hierarchical preference

Question 12

When do men interrupt most?

Answer 12

During mixed-sex conversation

Question 13

Who conducted the bakery study?

Answer 13

Pilkington

Question 14

What did Pilkington’s study reveal about men?

Answer 14

Men:
1. Find long pauses acceptable
2. Disagree often
3. Use mocking insults

Question 15

What did Pilkington’s study reveal about women?

Answer 15

Women
1. Affirm solidarity
2. Focus on feelings
3. Support eachother’s points
4. Frequently agree

Question 16

What did Pamela Fishman find?

Answer 16

Women use tag questions, specifically “y’know”, 5x more than men to ask for support and cooperation

Question 17

What did Janet Holmes find?

Answer 17

Women use more addressee-oriented tag questions whereas men use more speaker-oriented tag questions

Question 18

What did Victoria DeFrancisco find?

Answer 18

1. Women introduce more topics and perform “conversational shitwork”
2. Male inexpressiveness is used to control conversation

Question 19

Which categories did Deborah Jones propose for women’s talk?

Answer 19

1. House Talk
2. Scandal
3. Bitching
4. Chatting

Question 20

What did Carmen Fought find?

Answer 20

Uptalk and vocal fry is seen as a sign of stupidity and immaturity

Question 21

Who proposed the Androcentric Principle?

Answer 21

Anne Bodine

Question 22

Men use report talk, women use…

Answer 22

Rapport talk

Question 23

Who conducted the Courtroom Study?

Answer 23

O’Barr and Atkins

Question 24

Which two linguists rejected biological essentialism and determined that language is chosen to reflect gender identity

Answer 24

Deborah Cameron and Judith Butler

Question 25

What did Helena Leet-Pellegrini find?

Answer 25

Male experts are most verbose, Female non-experts are least verbose and female experts and male non-experts are equally dominant in conversation

Question 26

Who proposed Man-Made Language

Answer 26

Dale Spender

Question 27

What is an effect of He/Man language?

Answer 27

1. Women's societal contributions are ignored 2. Minorities are treated as oddities, separating them from "normal people"

Question 28

What are some features of sexist language?

Answer 28

Gratuitous modifiers, Marked forms, Negative Semantic Space, "Generic Man", Non-Equivalent Parallels

Question 29

What is a gratuitous modifier? Give an example

Answer 29

Adjectives used without a semantic reason to highlight an oddity e.g. Female Lawyer

Question 30

What is a marked form? Give an example

Answer 30

Unnecessarily gendered nouns used to highlight separation e.g. Actor/Actress

Question 31

Who proposed the idea of Negative Semantic Space?

Answer 31

Julia Smith

Question 32

What is Negative Semantic Space?

Answer 32

Nouns referring to women are only used when men are not referred to

Question 33

What is a prescriptivist viewpoint on the usage of the generic use of "he"?

Answer 33

Prescriptivist are more concerned with noun/pronoun agreement focusing on the number of people rather than the gender, so they discourage the use of "they"

Question 34

What are honorifics used for?

Answer 34

To determine a woman's marital status depending on her title e.g. Miss or Mrs

Question 35

Do honorifics reveal a man's marital status?

Answer 35

No, there is no distinction between titles for men

Question 36

What is a non-equivalent parallel? Give an example

Answer 36

A noun with extra, pejorative connotations to it's male equivalent e.g. Dog/Bitch

Question 37

What are Corpus Linguistics used for?

Answer 37

To analyse patterns or trends in current language use