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BIO 202 > Specific Immune Defenses > Flashcards

Specific Immune Defenses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Specific Immune Defenses also referred to as?

A

Adaptive Immune Responses

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2
Q

What does specificity mean?

A

response vs individual antigens

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3
Q

What does diversity mean?

A

response vs many antigens

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4
Q

What does Inducibility mean?

A

Specific defenses are only turned “on” when needed

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5
Q

What does Clonality mean?

A

Specific Response makes many cells with the same antigen specificity (either B or T cells)

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6
Q

What does Tolerance mean?

A

Specific responses are programed to ignore self antigens because some are anti-you

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7
Q

What would happen if your immune system didn’t ignore self antigens that were anti-you?

A

you would have an autoimmune response and your cells and tissues would kill you

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8
Q

What does it mean when we say Specific Responses have “Memory”

A

Cells from 1st response vs antigen rapidly respond to later exposure to the same antigen

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9
Q

True or False:
Polypeptide antigens are the weakest antigens

A

False, they are the strongest

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10
Q

What constitutes an antigen?

A

-foreign molecule
-non-self
-located on surface of an organism/secreted by an exotoxin
-antibodies are attached

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11
Q

What are the Specific Immune Responses?

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity
Humoral Immunity

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12
Q

What is Cell-Mediated Immunity?

A

-T cells and T cell receptors
-Results in secretion of cytokines and/or cytotoxins (Th cells perform this)
-They target infected cells (w/ intracellular microbes), larger microbes, and cancer cells

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13
Q

What is Humoral Immunity?

A

-B cells and B cell Receptors
-Results in production of antigen specific antibodies (can function as antigen presenting cells)
-They target small, extracellular agents: extracellular bacteria, toxins, extracellular viruses

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14
Q

What are the properties of T cells?

A

-TCR is membrane bound
-peptides only in context of MHC on APC or abnormal cell
-Includes Th and Tc (cytotoxic)
-Secretes cytokines or cytotoxins
-Has CD4 (Th and Tm) or CD8 (cytotoxic T cells) as surface markers
-Proliferate and Differentiate when Ag-activated
-requires co-stimulation

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15
Q

What are the properties of B cells?

A

-BCR is membrane bound Ig (Igs can be secreted too)
-can recognize antigen alone AND non-peptide antigens
-There are a subset of B cells not different in function
-Secretes Ig as Antibody and Cytokines
-Ig acts as surface marker
-Proliferate and then become plasma cells when activated
-Do not require co-stimulation but the response is best if it happens

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16
Q

Where are antigen-specific B and T cells activated?

A

In the Lymphoidal tissues upon exposure to the antigen

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17
Q

What needs to be presented to T cells in order to be stimulated?

A

Antigen must be presented to T cell with an MHC protein

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18
Q

What can B cells be stimulated by?

A

-T independent stimulation
-T dependent stimulation

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19
Q

What is T-independent stimulation?

A

B cells directly binds antigen with its BCR and is stimulation without T cell help (B cell is not fully stimulated)

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20
Q

What is T-dependent stimulation?

A

Antigen-specific T cell helps activate B cell fully. Makes all classes of antibodies and cause B cells to divide and create memory cells
*ENABLES CLASS SHIFTING AND MEMORY RESPONSE

21
Q

How are T cells differentiated?

A

By cytokine secreting types
-Th1 promoted cell mediated immunity
-Th2 promotes humoral immunity (secretes cytokines for B cells)
*Both Th1, Th2, and Tm, are considered CD4+
(Tc cells are considered CD8+)

22
Q

True or False:
T cells recognize ONLY presented peptide antigens

A

True

23
Q

Why is T cell activation controlled by a 3 signal model?

A

You will not have regulation of your immune system otherwise

24
Q

True or False:
Threshold binding is not a form of regulation

A

False, threshold binding IS a form of regulation

25
Q

What is Signal 1 of the “3 Signal Model” for T cell activation

A

TCR binding of presented antigen at threshold, plus
-CD4+ T cell and antigen MHC-II on an APC(antigen presenting cell)
OR
-CD4+ T cell and antigen MHC-I on an abnormal/infected cell

26
Q

What is Signal 2 of the “3 Signal Model” for T cell activation

A

Co-stimulation using other membrane proteins

27
Q

What is Signal 3 of the “3 Signal Model” for T cell activation

A

APC and T cell “cytokine help”

28
Q

True or False:
T cells are potentially dangerous and you do not want to inactivate them inappropriately

A

True

29
Q

True or False:
T cells are potentially dangerous and you do not want to inactivate them inappropriately

A

True

30
Q

True or False:
The Humoral Immune Response features the production of ANTIGENS

A

False, the Humoral Immune Response features the production of ANTIBODIES

31
Q

What occurs in genes for Antibody Heavy Chains and Light Chains?

A

Recombination

32
Q

Where/when does the recombination of genes occur for antibodies heavy and light chains?

A

-occurs in bone marrow
-occurs before B and T cella are exposed to the antigen

33
Q

What is the result of “different” antigen-specific B cells

A

-Delete the anti-self clones
-leads to immune response tolerance of you
-Anti-antigen clones are left and can be selected

34
Q

Can antibodies switch classes of antibodies without changing its antigen specificity?

A

YES

35
Q

What is Signal 1 of the “3 Signal Model” for B cell activation

A

BCR binding of antigen at threshold level

36
Q

What is Signal 2 of the “3 Signal Model” for B cell activation

A

-T-independent = lower response
-T-dependent = co stimulation using membrane proteins (promotes Ig class shifting and B memory cells)

37
Q

What is Signal 3 of the “3 Signal Model” for B cell activation

A

Cytokine help (2-way)

38
Q

Immunoglobulin class switching can lead to what?

A

Increased antibody affinity (attraction between antigen and antibody) for the antigen

39
Q

What is IgM and what does it do?

A

-Activates complement
-First Antibody
-B cell receptor

40
Q

What is IgD?

A

B cell receptor

41
Q

What is IgG and what does it do?

A

-placental transfer
-binds phagocytic cell surfaces
-activates complement
-Involved in opsonization and ADCC

42
Q

What is IgE and what does it do?

A

-Binds mast cell surfaces
-Involved in allergic responses

43
Q

What is IgA and what does it do?

A

Two subclasses:
-IgA1
-IgA2
*found as dimers in secretions

44
Q

What is the order for Antibody-mediated immune reactions?

A

Neutralization, Opsonization, activate complement, ADCC

45
Q

What is a live attenuated vaccine?

A

-Live microbe, but microbe can’t cause disease
-Longer duration/more effective –> “full” immune response
-Risk of reversion to virulence

46
Q

What is a killed vaccine?

A

-Dead microbe/inactivated virus
-Shorter duration –> “incomplete” immune response
-No risk of reversion

47
Q

What are toxoid vaccines?

A

they contain inactivated exotoxins

48
Q

What re subunit vaccines?

A

they are made with antigenic part of the microbe

49
Q

What are cytokines?

A

-proteins secreted for communication
-NOT antigen specific
-must be stimulated by the immune system
-have to be produced and secreted from scratch
-only secreted when needed
-diffuse out to neighboring cells (short: distance, time and low conc.)
-bind to specific membrane receptors, signal the receiving cell to alter its gene expression
Can act on cells that secreted them or nearby cells

BIO 202 (7 decks)

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