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BIO 202 > Non-Specific Immune Defenses > Flashcards

Non-Specific Immune Defenses Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Non-Specific (INNATE) Defenses?

A

-1st and 2nd line of the immune system
-no specific responses (respond the same each time)
-No immune memory
-do not recognize antigens
-recognize danger patterns
-no lag time/instant defense

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2
Q

True or False:
Non-specific defenses often set off specific defenses

A

True, Non-specifc defenses can help your specific defenses

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3
Q

What is the first line of your immune system?

A

Non-specific barriers

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4
Q

What is the second line of your immune system?

A

Non-specific responses
-phagocytic cells
-neutrophils
-macrophages
-dendritic cells
-NK cells
-Inflammation (appropriate or non-appropriate)
-fever
-Interferon
-Complement

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5
Q

What is the third line of your immune system?

A

Specific Responses vs Antigens
-Cell-mediated response
-Humoral Responses

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6
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

-perform phagocytosis
-do not present antigens
-die and form puss at infection site (pyogenic infections)
-can harm tissues when activated
-job is to be super deadly and kill everything around them (normal tissues and then themselves)

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7
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

-perform phagocytosis
-antigen presentation

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8
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

macrophages in various tissues

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9
Q

What are interferons?

A

Cytokines cells that can secrete in response to infection

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10
Q

Why is complement important?

A

Important in getting the immune system activated quickly

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11
Q

What is a cell-mediated response?

A

T cells secrete cytokines or cytotoxins

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12
Q

What is a humoral response?

A

B cells make antibodies

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13
Q

What are epithelial surfaces?

A

skin or mucosal surface of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tract that are frequently exposed to microorganisms

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14
Q

What do macrophages, neutrophils and B cells ALL do?

A

-chemotaxis
-attachment
-phagocytosis
-digestion of the immune threat
-load peptides on MHC 11 proteins
-secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines

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15
Q

What does reduced phagocytes/phagocytic ability lead to?

A

predisposition to infection

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16
Q

What are Toll-Like Receptors (TLR)?

A

-PRR
-trans-membrane proteins on/in macrophages/dendritic cells
-bind dangerous molecular patters that are specific and ALWAYS associated with certain pathogens
-enable APCs to response in a non-specific way to danger patterns
-recognize patterns
-do not recognize antigens

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17
Q

What are PAMPs (Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns)?

A

-PRR binding targets that are critical to the particular microbe
-cant be eliminated or changed
-evolutionarily conserved

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18
Q

What are some examples of PAMPs?

A

-LPS
-gram neg bacteria in outer membrane
-lipoteichoic acid
-gram pos bacteria in cell wall
-flagella
-dsRNA (viral RNA)

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19
Q

True or False:
The specificity of TLRs can be altered.

A

False, the specificity can not be altered because they are a feature of non-specific immunity

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19
Q

True or False:
The specificity of TLRs can be altered.

A

False, the specificity can not be altered because they are a feature of non-specific immunity

20
Q

What are the results of TLR binding?

A

-intracellular signaling
-cytokine production
-activation of other cells and responses
-Inflammation
-up-regulation of MHC proteins

21
Q

Where are PRRs found?

A

-TLR = macrophages
-Complement = soluble protein in bloodstream and lymphatic fluid

22
Q

What do PRRs respond to?

A

Danger patterns

23
Q

What are the functions of PRR?

A

TLR = secrete cytokines by macrophages
Complement = bind danger pattern to initiate a complement cascade
*Secrete cytokines and induce MHC-11 proteins

24
Q

What are NK cells?

A

-not antigen specific
-recognize infected/abnormal cells (too many or few MHC proteins secreted by the cell)
-not phagocytic
-extracellular killers

25
Q

What are Eosinophils?

A

-not antigen specific
-secrete cytokines
-weakly phagocytic
-extracellular killers
-not antigen presenting cells
-rare in body

26
Q

What is normal inflammation?

A

non-specific, localized response to…
-tissue damage
-infection/damage

27
Q

What happens in normal inflammation?

A

-Cut allows bacteria beneath surface of skin
-damaged cells release histamine
-capillaries dilate: more blood comes to tissue making it more red and warm
-Fluid moves into tissue (edema) because capillaries are more permeable and causes swelling

28
Q

True or False:
Systemic Inflammation is very dangerous

A

True

29
Q

What does histamine do?

A

-causes redness
-causes swelling
-increases body temp

30
Q

What does it mean if something is chemotaxis?

A

it is physically drawn by chemical attraction

31
Q

True or False:
Inflammation is crucial to normal immune response

A

True

32
Q

What do pyrogens do?

A

set macrophages off to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines

33
Q

How does a fever happen?

A

-It is caused by pyrogens “fire makers” from outside of the body (ex: LPS and Lipoteichoic acid)
-Causes the release of various cytokines
-Cytokines travel to brain
-Portion of brain that regulates body temp is offset to increase body temp

34
Q

True or False:
A fever does not benefit your immune system

A

False, can potentially be beneficial

35
Q

What are alpha and beta interferons?

A

-Non-specific
-Early response
-Anti-viral responses in healthy cells (created in response to infection)

36
Q

Where is complement produced?

A

produced in liver and released into bloodstream

37
Q

Complement is normally inactive, but when it is active, it initiates a complement cascade. What are the results of a complement cascade?

A

-Inflammation: promotes phagocytosis
-Opsonization (coating): promotes phagocytosis/helps macrophages
-Microbe distribution

38
Q

How do you activate a complement cascade through the classic pathway?

A

Complement proteins binding to bound antibodies
*Antigen-antibody complexes

39
Q

How do you activate a complement cascade through the lectin pathway?

A

Complement proteins will bind to specific sugars that are on the surface of certain cells
*Doesn’t need antigen present to recognize danger pattern
(Microbial Surfaces)

40
Q

How do you activate a complement cascade through the alternative pathway?

A

Complement proteins bind things that are foreign (ex: endotoxins)
*Microbial Surfaces

41
Q

True or False:
Some complement proteins can become hydrophilic when activated

A

False, some can become hydrophobic

42
Q

True or False:
Inappropriate cytokine production can cause shock

A

True, can result in either sepsis in the blood or toxins in the blood

43
Q

What causes toxic shock?

A

Circulating toxins in the blood (endotoxins)

44
Q

What causes septic shock?

A

Circulating microbes in the blood (septic = not sterile; asepsis= sterile)
*Caused by INFECTION
(leading cause of death in non-coronary ICU patients)

45
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Blood pressure decreases

46
Q

In sepsis, what does the body attempt to compensate hypotension with?

A

-HYPERVENTILLATION
-White blood cell count very high/very low
-Increased heart rate
-body temp

47
Q

What is a result of sepsis?

A

multiple organ dysfunction and death

48
Q

True or False:
Each hour delay in the administration of appropriate antibiotic therapy in sepsis patients = a 7% rise in mortality

A

True

BIO 202 (7 decks)

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