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BIO 202 > HIV > Flashcards

HIV Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of HIV?

A

HIV-1: worldwide, more transmissable
HIV-2: West Africa (mostly)

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3
Q

What is the host cell specificity of HIV?

A

Th lymphocytes and macrophages

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4
Q

What are the viral proteins of HIV?

A

gp120 and gp41

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5
Q

What are the two host co-receptors?

A

CD4 (always) and either CXCR4 or CCR5

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6
Q

What causes the mortality of HIV?

A

-loss of cell-mediated immune responses
-opportunistic secondary infections

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7
Q

When was HIV/AIDS first reported?

A

1981

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8
Q

Where was HIV first reported?

A

metropolitan area in the US and Europe

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9
Q

What is the genome of HIV?

A

2 strands of positive single stranded RNA: diploid

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10
Q

What are retroviruses?

A

use RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) to produce double stranded DNA from a viral genome having 2 copies of single-stranded RNA

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11
Q

How many total genes are in HIV?

A

9

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12
Q

What are the 3 structural genes of HIV?

A

gag
pol
env

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13
Q

What does gag encode?

A

capsid proteins (p24) and matrix proteins (p17)

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14
Q

What does pol encode?

A

reverse transcriptase
integrase
protease

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15
Q

What does env encode?

A

spike proteins; gp120 and gp41

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16
Q

What is the function of spike proteins?

A

They are needed to bind to host cell receptors

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17
Q

What are the 4 accessory genes of HIV?

A

nef
vif
vpu
vpr

18
Q

What does nef do?

A

represses host MHC (tells host not to express MHC-1)

19
Q

What does vpu do ?

A

destroys CD4 protein of host cell (need CD4 to let virus in- stops immune system from binding to CD4)

20
Q

What does vif do?

A

inactivates cell defense

21
Q

What does vpr do?

A

transports HIV genome to nucleus

22
Q

What are the significant HIV proteins?

A

outside virion and inside virion

23
Q

What is outside virion?

A

spike proteins enable binding to hos co-receptors (CD4)
INCLUDES gp120- highly variable & gp41

24
Q

What is an inside virion?

A

Enzyme, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RT)
Enzyme, Integrase
Enzyme, Protease

25
Q

What are the two types of ELISA?

A

Direct and Indirect

26
Q

What is direct ELISA?

A

Looking for antigen in the sample

27
Q

What is indirect ELISA?

A

looking for antibodies vs specific antigens

28
Q

True or False:
ELISA is not sensitive

A

False- ELISA is very sensitive

29
Q

True or False:
ELISA can’t detect low amounts of antigens or antibodies

A

False- ELISA can detect low amounts of antigens and antibodies

30
Q

What is genetic instability?

A

extremely high rates of mutation (an error- prone to reverse transcriptase)

31
Q

True or False:
Recombination occurs among HIV subtypes

A

True

32
Q

How does HIV evolve in the host?

A

Starts as one strand of HIV and progresses to many

33
Q

What changes happen in the evolution of HIV in the host?

A

host cell tropism
drug resistance
evasion of immune defenses
difficulties with creating potential vaccines (due to changes in antigens)

34
Q

What are the steps of the HIV replicative cycle?

A

attachment
penetration
uncoating
biosynthesis
maturation
release

35
Q

What happens in the biosynthesis phase?

A

reverse transcription using RT
migration to nucleus and integration using integrase
normal transcription to make 2x +ssRNA
Processing of precursor polypeptide using protease

36
Q

What are different HIV treatment strategies?

A

Inhibit reverse transcriptase
Inhibit protease
HAART

37
Q

What is HAART?

A

Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy
-“AIDS cocktail” (3 or more drugs in combination)
Track response (CD4) & VIRAL LOAD
Not a cure

38
Q

What is anti-retroviral therapy?

A

evaluate treatment via….
CD4+ lymphocytes & viral load
-avoids selection of resistant viral strands

39
Q

What are the treatment problems of Anti-retroviral therapy?

A

complex & individual regimens
patient tolerance of drugs
drugs expense
no vaccine/no cure

40
Q

What is the Immune system avoidance?

A

-mutation & recombination (antigenic variation)
-antibodies neutralize but are not protective
-integration of viral DNA into host chromosome

41
Q

What is the suppression of host immune responses?

A

hef proteins -> decrease MHC-1 expression -> lower Tc function -> suppressed cell-mediated immunity -> fewer HIV infected cells killed

42
Q
A

BIO 202 (7 decks)

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