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biology > species and taxonomy > Flashcards

species and taxonomy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define species

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

Define phylogeny

A

It is the study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms that tells us who’s related to whom and how closely related they are

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3
Q

Define taxonomy

A

The science of naming, defining and classifying groups of biological organisms into a hierarchal system using shared characteristics

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4
Q

Explain why scientists classify organisms

A

It makes organisms easier to identify and study

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5
Q

Define hierarchy

A

small groups within large groups but there are no overlaps between the groups

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6
Q

What are taxa

A

The 8 groups used to classify organisms

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7
Q

What is a taxon

A

Each group in the taxa that are used to classify organisms

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8
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A
  1. Eukarya
  2. Bacteria
  3. Archea
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9
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms?

A
  1. Eubacteria
  2. Archaebacteria
  3. Protista
  4. Plantae
  5. Fungi
  6. Animalia
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10
Q

Name the order of the taxonomic groups

A

Dinner - Domain

King - Kingdom

Prawn - Phylum

Curry - Class

Or - Order

Fat - Family

Greasy - Genus

Sausages - Species

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11
Q

How do you know whether organisms are from the same species?

A

They are able to reproduce and make a fertile offspring

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12
Q

Why is the kingdom classification system better than the binomial system of classification?

A
  1. Fits better with phylogeny
  2. There are key differences between prokaryotes and the eukaryotes
  3. There are key differences between archaea and bacteria, bacteria are true bacteria and archeas are primitive forms of bacteria which are often extremophiles
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13
Q

What are the technological / research advancements that have improved classification?

A
  1. Genome sequencing
  2. Comparing the amino acid sequence
  3. Immunological comparisons
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14
Q

How has genome sequencing improved classification

A
  • Advances in genome sequencing mean that the entire base sequence of an organism’s DNA can be determined
  • The DNA base sequence can be compared to the DNA base sequence of another organism to see how closely related they are
  • Closely related species have a higher percentage of similarity in their DNA base order
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15
Q

How has comparing amino acids improved classification

A
  • Proteins are made of amino acids, the sequence of amino acids in a protein is coded for by the base sequence in DNA
  • Related organisms have similar DNA sequences and so similar amino acid sequences in their proteins
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16
Q

How have immunological comparisons improved classification

A
  • Similar proteins will bind to the same antibodies
  • If antibodies to a human version of a protein are added to isolated samples from another species, any protein that’s like the human version will be recognised by the antibody
17
Q

How were early estimates of genetic diversity made?

A
  • By looking at the frequency of measurable or observable characteristics in a population
  • Since alleles determine different characteristics, a wide variety of each characteristic indicates a high number of different alleles and so a high genetic diversity
18
Q

How do you name organisms using the classification system

A
  • First part of the name is the genus and has a capital letter
  • Second part is the species name and is with a lowercase letter that is in italics or underlined
19
Q

Define phylogenetics

A

It’s the study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms, to determine how closely related they are to one another

20
Q

What does a phylogenetic tree show

A

It shows the phylogeny, the evolutionary history, of groups of organisms. They are branched showing which groups have evolved from a common ancestor

21
Q

What are the advantages of phylogenetic classification over hierarchal

A
  1. Phylogenetic classification connects groups based on their evolutionary relationship rather than their characteristics
  2. Phylogeny allows a continuum rather than discrete groups
  3. Phylogeny gives a better description of variety present within groups, rather than giving the impression all groups are equal in age, it shows the change over time
22
Q

How have phylogenetics been improved

A

The ability to extract and analyse differences in DNA codes through genome sequencing improved classifications that were mainly based on physical characteristics and behaviour

23
Q

How do you classify organisms based on their base sequence of DNA or mRNA

A

The higher the percentage of similarity in the order of their base sequence, the more closely related they are

24
Q

How do you classify organisms based on their amino acid sequence of proteins?

A
  • Base sequencing of DNA will affect mRNA which will affect the amino acid sequence
  • You can look at specific proteins found in different species and see how similar the amino acid sequence is
25
Q

How do you classify organisms based on immunological comparisons?

A

Similar proteins should bind to similar antibodies

26
Q

Define courtship behaviour

A

Courtship behaviour is the behaviour by which different species identify, attract and select their partners for reproduction

27
Q

Why is courtship behaviour important in successful mating

A
  • It allows members of the same species to recognize each other
  • It allows organisms to attract mates for reproduction
28
Q

List all the different examples of courtship behaviour

A
  1. Releasing a chemical
  2. Using sound
  3. Colour / visual displays
  4. Dancing
  5. Building nests/shelters
29
Q

How can you use courtship behaviour to classify a species?

A

The more similar the courtship behaviour, the more closely related the species are

30
Q

Define variation

A

Variation is the differences that exist between species and within species

31
Q

What causes variation

A
  • Genetic factors (genes)
  • Environmental factors (nutrition)
32
Q

How does variation arise within and between species?

A
  • Different species have different genes
  • Individuals of the same species have the same genes, but different alleles

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