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respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

name the 4 main stages in aerobic respiration and where they occur

A
  1. glycolysis - cytoplasm
  2. link reaction - mitochondria matrix
  3. krebs cycle - mitochondria matrix
  4. oxidative phosphorylation - via electron transfer chain in the membrane of cristea
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2
Q

outline the stages of glycolysis

A
  1. glucose is phosphorylated to glucose phosphate by the hydrolysis of 2x ATP
  2. creating 1x glucose phosphate and 1x ADP
  3. glucose phosphate splits into 2x triose phosphate
  4. 2x triose phosphate is oxidised forming 2x pyruvate
  5. 2x NAD is reduced to form 2x reduced NAD
  6. 4x ATP are regenerated but 2x are used in stage 1 so net gain of 2x ATP
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3
Q

list the products of glycolysis and their uses

A
  1. 2x reduced NAD - for ETC
  2. 2x pyruvate - actively transported into mitochondria for link reaction
  3. 2x ATP - energy
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4
Q

how does pyruvate from glycolysis enter the mitochondria

A

via active transport

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5
Q

outline what happens during the link reaction

A
  1. pyruvate is oxidised and decarboxylated into acetate
  2. CO2 and reduced NAD is produced
  3. acetate combines with coenzyme A to produce acetyl coenzyme A
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6
Q

give a summary equation for the link reaction

A

pyruvate + NAD + CoA -> acetyl CoA + reduced NAD + CO2

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7
Q

list the products of the link reaction

A

2x acetyl coenzyme A
2x CO2
2x reduced NAD

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8
Q

outline the Krebs cycle

A
  • acetyl coenzyme A reacts with a 4C molecule producing a 6C carbon molecule and releasing coenzyme A which goes back to the link reaction
  • 6C molecule is decarboxylated and hydrogenated, the 2H+ ions are used to reduce NAD
  • 5C molecule, a phosphate is removed and used to generate ATP: substrate level phosphorylation
  • decarboxylated and hydrogenated again to produce 4C and CO2, reduced NAD
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9
Q

list the products formed when the Krebs cycle repeats twice and their uses

A

4x CO2 - waste
6x reduced NAD - ETC
2x reduced FAD - ETC
2x ATP - energy

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10
Q

what is the electron transfer chain (ETC)

A
  • series of carrier proteins embedded in the membrane of the cristae of mitochondria
  • produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation via chemiosmosis during aerobic respiration
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11
Q

outline what happens during oxidative phosphorylation (ETC)

A
  1. reduced NAD and FAD are oxidised, producing H atoms that are split into e- and H+
  2. electrons are transferred down to the ETC via redox reactions
  3. energy released by electrons is used in the production of ATP from ADP + Pi
  4. oxygen acts as the final proton acceptor
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12
Q

how is a proton concentration gradient established during chemiosmosis in aerobic respiration?

A
  • some energy released from the ETC is coupled to the active transport of H+ ions from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space
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13
Q

how does chemiosmosis produce ATP during aerobic respiration

A
  • H+ ions move down their concentration gradient from the intermembrane space into the mitochondria matrix via the channel protein ATP synthase
  • releasing energy for ATP synthase to catalyse ADP + Pi -> ATP
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14
Q

state the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration

A
  • final electron acceptor in the electron transfer chain
  • produces water as a by-product
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15
Q

what is the benefit of an electron transfer chain rather than a single reaction?

A
  • energy is released gradually
  • less energy is released as heat
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16
Q

name the 2 types of molecules that can be used as alternative respiratory substrates

A
  1. amino acids from proteins
  2. glycerol and fatty acids from lipids
17
Q

how can lipids act as an alternative respiratory substrate

A
  • lipids are hydrolysed into glycerol and fatty acids
  • phosphorylation of glycerol produces triose phosphate for glycosis
  • fatty acid can be converted into acetate, acetate enters link reaction and H atoms produced for oxidative phosphorylation
18
Q

how can amino acids act as an alternative respiratory substrate?

A
  • deamination produces 3C compounds which are pyruvate for link reaction
  • or 4C/5C compounds for intermediates in Krebs cycle
19
Q

name the stages in respiration that produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation

A
  • glycolysis
  • Krebs cycle
20
Q

explain what occurs during anaerobic respiration

A

the products of glycolysis are converted into ethanol (in plants and yeast) or lactate (in animals and some bacteria) using reduced NAD

21
Q

where does alcoholic fermentation occur in?

A

occurs in plants and yeast

22
Q

describe what occurs in alcoholic fermentation

A
  • pyruvate is converted into ethanal
  • releasing CO2
  • ethanal is converted to ethanol via reduced NAD, producing lactate and NAD
23
Q

describe what occurs in lactate fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted into lactate using reduced NAD, producing NAD and lactate

24
Q

how can glycolysis continue even when oxygen is limited

A

production of ethanol or lactate regenerates oxidised

25
Q

how does pyruvate from glycolysis enter the mitochondria

A

via active transport

26
Q

what is the advantage of producing ethanol/lactate during anaerobic respiration

A
  • converts reduced NAD back onto NAD so glycolysis can continue
27
Q

what is the disadvantage of producing ethanol during anaerobic respiration

A
  • cells die when ethanol concentration is above 12%
  • ethanol dissolves cell membranes
28
Q

what is the disadvantage of producing lactate during anaerobic respiration

A
  • acidic so decreases pH
  • results in muscle fatigue
29
Q

compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A
  • both involve glycolysis
  • both require NAD
  • both produce ATP
30
Q

contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A
  • aerobic produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation, anaerobic produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation only
  • aerobic produces more ATP than anaerobic
  • aerobic doesn’t produce ethanol or lactate unlike anaerobic
31
Q

suggest how a student could investigate the effect of a named variable on the rate of respiration of a single-celled organism

A
  1. use a respirometer
  2. use a dye as the terminal electron acceptor for ETC
32
Q

what is the purpose of a sodium hydroxide solution in a respirometer set up to measure the rate of aerobic respiration

A

absorbs CO2 so that there is a net decrease in pressure as O2 is consumed

33
Q

how could a student calculate the rate of respiration using a respirometer?

A

(the volume of o2 produced or co2 consumed) / time x mass of the sample

volume = distance moved by coloured drop x (0.5 x capillary tube diameter)^2 x pi

biology (46 decks)

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