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Biology 1215 > Speciation + Phylogenetics > Flashcards

Speciation + Phylogenetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is life?

A
  • reproduction
  • metabolism
  • ability to respond/adapt
  • growth
  • homeostasis
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2
Q

When did life evolve?

A

about 4.5 billion yrs ago

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3
Q

Where did life first evolve?

A
  • shallow seas
  • deep sea thermal vents
  • extraterrestrial origins
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4
Q

Spontaneous generation

A
  1. little atmospheric O
  2. lots of E
  3. no competition
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5
Q

LUCA

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

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6
Q

3 domains

A
  1. bacteria
  2. eukarya
  3. archaea
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7
Q

Miller-Urey hypothesis - origin of life

A
  1. abiotic synthesis of small org molecs/monomers
  2. joining of these small molecs into polymers
  3. membrane-bound protocells
  4. origin of self-replicating molec
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8
Q

prokaryotes flourished

A

3.7 mill yrs ago

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9
Q

biological species concept

A
  • mate & prod fertile offspring, then they are the same species
  • actually or potentially interbreeding pops that are reproductively isolated from all other such groups
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10
Q

morphospecies concept

A

members of the same species usually look alike

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11
Q

ecological species concept

A

a group of organisms adapted to a particular niche

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12
Q

niche

A

conditions and resources that define the requirements of a species

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13
Q

the species problem(s)

A
  • hybrids
  • fossils (only morphospecies)
  • asexuals
  • bacteria (horizontal gene transfer)
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14
Q

pre-zygotic barriers

A
  • behavioral
  • physical
  • time
  • space
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15
Q

post-zygotic barriers

A

genetic incompatibility

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16
Q

speciation

A

the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise

17
Q

general model of speciation

A
  1. genetic drift
  2. natural selection
  3. mutation
18
Q

allopatric speciation

A

speciation that depends on an external barrier to gene flow (geographic isolation) to begin/complete the event

19
Q

sympatric speciation

A

speciation in which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region (common in plants)

20
Q

adaptive radiation

A

rapid diversification in which natural selection accelerates the rates of speciation

21
Q

co-speciation

A

when 2 groups of org’s speciate in response to each other at the same time (eg. parasite/host)

22
Q

instantaneous speciation

A

2 species hybridize and prod offspring that are reproductively isolated from both parents (plants, not animals)

23
Q

Linnaeus

A
  • father of taxonomy

- plants & animals

24
Q

Whittaker

A
  • 5 kingdom system
    1. monera
    2. protista
    3. plantae
    4. fungi
    5. animalia
  • problems:
    1. 2 distinct lineages of prokaryotes
    2. protista not monophyletic
25
Q

gene flow

A
  • movement of genes btwn pops

- inhibits speciation events

26
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

a branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of orgs

27
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

disproves modern day spontaneous generation (regeneration)

28
Q

what evolves faster, the non-coding or coding sections of genes?

A

non-coding -> more mutations

29
Q

cladistics

A

classifying organisms into clades based on common descent

30
Q

monophyletic

A

the ancestor and all of its descendants

31
Q

character is similar because (2)

A
  1. convergent evolution

2. common descent

32
Q

shared common ancestor

A

character that originated in an ancestor (eg. backbone)

33
Q

shared derived character

A

evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade (eg. hair)

34
Q

parsimony

A

simplest form; reqs the smallest amount of changes

35
Q

Permian extinction

A
  • 250 mya
  • claimed about 96% of marine species
  • plants not impacted much
36
Q

Cretaceous extinction

A
  • 65 mya

- dinosaurs

37
Q

extinctions

A

opportunity for adaptive radiations

Biology 1215 (7 decks)

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