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Biology 1215 > Bio Lab Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Bio Lab Midterm 1 Flashcards

Labs 1-4

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1
Q

extant

A

still living

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2
Q

extinction

A

the termination of an organism or of a group of organisms, usually a species

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3
Q

LUCA (2)

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

  • the most recent population of organisms from which all organisms now living on Earth have a common descent
  • LUCA is the most recent common ancestor of all current life on Earth
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4
Q

taxonomy

A

scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying groups of biological organisms

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5
Q

domain (2)

A
  • the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in which there are three groupings: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya
  • most inclusive
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6
Q

kingdom

A
  • a taxonomic category grouping together all forms of life having certain fundamental characteristics in common
  • Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants and animals
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7
Q

phylum (2)

A
  • organisms in a phylum share a set a characteristics that distinguishes them from organisms in another phylum
  • a major taxonomic division of living organisms that contain one or more classes
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8
Q

class

A

a classification of organisms that contain general common traits, such as having a backbone, eight legs, etc.

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9
Q

order

A

a taxonomic rank used in classifying organisms comprised of families sharing a set of similar nature or character

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10
Q

family

A

a taxonomic group of one or more genera, united by a common attribute

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11
Q

genus

A

any of the taxonomic groups into which a family is divided and which contains one or more species

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12
Q

species

A

an individual belonging to a group of organisms (or the entire group itself) having common characteristics and (usually) are capable of mating with one another to produce fertile offspring

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13
Q

taxonomic order

A

Dutch Kings Play Chess On Finely Ground Sand

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14
Q

monophyletic clades

A

where all branches converge on a common ancestor prior to joining other clades

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15
Q

paraphyletic group

A

exclude some descendants of the last common ancestor of the group

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16
Q

polyphyletic group

A

do not converge on a common ancestor prior to joining other groups, but often share morphological similarities

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17
Q

character

A

anatomical, physiological, or molecular feature found in an organism

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18
Q

ancestral character

A

trait originally present in the ancestor of a given group

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19
Q

(shared) derived character

A

features in organisms that have been modified for specific functions as a result of evolution

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20
Q

amniota

A

mammals and reptiles

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21
Q

homologous characters

A

shared characteristics that can be traced back to a common ancestor (eg. wings of dragonflies and butterflies)

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22
Q

convergent evolution

A

independent evolution of similar characteristics due to similiar ecological pressures

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23
Q

analogous characters

A

shares characters that are a result of convergent evolution and not common ancestry (eg. bat and bird wings)

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24
Q

progressivism

A

evolution is just progressing through a long series of lesser organisms only to finally reach humans, which are the pinnacle of evolution
- WRONG

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25
Q

MRCA (2)

A

Most Recent Common Ancestor

  • the most recent individual from which all the organisms are directly descende
  • groups of genes rather than organisms
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26
Q

extinct

A

no longer existing/living

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27
Q

outgroup

A

the species or taxon that is clearly least related to the others and thus branches off the bottom of the tree

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28
Q

conserved gene sequences

A
  • DNA sequences that move through evolutionary time relatively unchanged
  • usually linked to a critical function
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29
Q

non-coding regions

A
  • typically diverge quickly after a speciation event

- very weak selection against mutations

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30
Q

parsimonious

A

simplest explanation of data

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31
Q

cocci

A

round bacteria

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32
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped bacteria

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33
Q

spirochetes

A

flexible, spiral shaped cells

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34
Q

cyanobacteria (3)

A
  • much larger than traditional bacteria
  • all photosynthetic
  • generally grow in filaments
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35
Q

filaments

A

a chain of cells

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36
Q

peptidoglycan

A

polymer that makes up the cell walls of bacteria and protects the cell from lysis

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37
Q

gram-positive bacteria

A
  • have a thick layer of peptidoglycan

- stain purple

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38
Q

gram-negative bacteria

A
  • have a thin layer of peptidoglycan

- stain pink

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39
Q

clade

A

a group of organisms that share a common, unique ancestor

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40
Q

protist

A

a non-monophyletic group of euk cells that are not plants, animals, or fungi

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41
Q

photoautotrophic

A

using light as an E source to synth org compounds from inorg materials

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42
Q

heterotrophic

A

dependent on consuming organisms or org material from the env

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43
Q

mixotrophs

A

able to use a combination of both heterotrophic and photosynthetic nutrition

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44
Q

primary producers

A

photoautotrophs

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45
Q

symbiosis

A

organisms that live on or inside another org

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46
Q

parasitism

A

symbiosis with a negative affect on the host

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47
Q

mutualism

A

symbiosis with a beneficial affect on the host

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48
Q

free-living organisms

A

complete their entire life-cycle independent of other orgs

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49
Q

trypanosomes

A

single celled, internal parasites of animals (African Sleeping Sickness)

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50
Q

kinetoplast

A

greatly enlarged mitochondrion

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51
Q

Euglena

A

single celled photosynth orgs that move using a flagellum

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52
Q

dinoflagellates (2)

A
  • motile photosynth orgs important to marine ecosystems

- many are mixotrophs

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53
Q

what do dinoflagellates cause?

A

Red Tide

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54
Q

Red Tide (2)

A
  • a discoloration of seawater caused by a bloom of toxic red dinoflagellates
  • transferred to humans by consumption of infected filter feeders (eg. shellfish)
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55
Q

Plasmodium

A

a parasite of animals (Malaria)

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56
Q

Paramecium

A

single celled orgs that use many cilia for locomotion

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57
Q

diatoms

A

free-living, unicellular organisms that have a unique glass-like cell wall made of silica

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58
Q

phaeophyta

A

multicellular, photosynth protists (brown algae)

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59
Q

chlorophyll

A

green photosynth pigment

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60
Q

brown cartenoid

A

make brown algae brown

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61
Q

foraminifera

A

single celled heterotrophs that prod a porous internal shell of calcium carbonate

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62
Q

rhodophyta

A

red algae

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63
Q

chlorophyta

A

green algae

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64
Q

haploid (1n) gametophyte

A

a gamete\ophyte containing half of the number of homologous chromosomes in somatic cells

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65
Q

diploid (2n) sporophyte

A

a sporophyte containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

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66
Q

alternation of generations

A
  • occurs in orgs that have distinct sexual haploid and asexual diploid stages
  • a multicellular gametophyte, which is haploid with n chromosomes, alternates with a multicellular sporophyte, which is diploid with 2n chromosomes, made up of n pairs
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67
Q

gametophyte

A

gamete prod plant (f)

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68
Q

sporophyte

A

spore prod plant (m)

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69
Q

dominant generation

A

generation that is largest in size and longest lasting

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70
Q

archegonium

A

small tube that makes a single egg

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71
Q

antheridia

A

small sac that prod many sperm

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72
Q

gemma cups

A

small cup-like structures containing green gemmae, each of which will grow into a new haploid liverwort plant once dispersed

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73
Q

asexual repro

A

a form of reproduction in which an organism creates a genetically-similar or identical copy of itself without a contribution of genetic material from another individual.(eg. mitosis)

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74
Q

capsule (sporangium)

A

capsule in which spores are produced by an organism

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75
Q

sorus

A

a cluster of spore-producing receptacles on the underside of a fern frond

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76
Q

gymnonsperm

A

plants that prod naked seeds

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77
Q

angiosperms

A

flowering plants that prod seeds inside fruits

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78
Q

monocot(lydon)

A
  • a flowering plant with an embryo that bears a single cotyledon (seed leaf)
  • typically have elongated stalkless leaves with parallel veins
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79
Q

eudicot(lydon)

A
  • a flowering plant with an embryo that bears two cotyledons (seed leaves)
  • typically have broad, stalked leaves with netlike veins
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80
Q

male conifer cone

A

release pollen and have tight “scales”

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81
Q

female conifer cone

A

have unfertilized seeds, looser scales, and sit lower on a tree

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82
Q

megaspore

A

the larger of the two kinds of spores characteristically produced by seed plants and a few fern allies, developing into a female gametophyte

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83
Q

ovule

A

part of the female reproductive organ in seed plants where female reproductive cells are made and contained; eventually develops into a seed after fertilization

84
Q

microspore

A

male gametophyte; pollen grain

85
Q

pollination

A

pollen grain to female cone

86
Q

fertilization

A

sperm + egg

87
Q

ploidy

A

the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell, or in the cells of an organism

88
Q

embryo sac

A

female gametophyte containing many nuclei

89
Q

triploid (3n) endosperm

A

nucleus derived from the fusion of two polar nuclei from the female parent and one sperm nucleus from the male

90
Q

seed coat

A

outer layer of the seed

91
Q

cotyledon

A

an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed

92
Q

embryo

A

a young, developing plant

93
Q

xylem

A

transports w and minerals

94
Q

phloem (2)

A
  • stain pink-purple

- transports carbogydrates from photosynth

95
Q

vascular bundles

A

xylem + phloem

96
Q

sclerenchyma

A

strengthening tissue in a plant, formed from cells with thickened, typically lignified, walls

97
Q

root

A

the part of a plant that grows downward and holds the plant in place, absorbs water and minerals from the soil, and often stores food

98
Q

shoot

A

aerial portions of a plant, including stem, branches, leaves, and new immature growth on a plant

99
Q

stem

A

a slender or elongated structure that supports a plant or fungus and typically bears leaves

100
Q

flowers

A

plant structures involved in sexual reproduction

101
Q

epidermal tissue

A

outer layer of cells of the stems, roots, and leaves of plants

102
Q

vascular tissue

A

the tissue in higher plants that constitutes the vascular system, consisting of phloem and xylem, by which water and nutrients are conducted throughout the plant

103
Q

ground tissue

A

a plant tissue other than those of the dermal tissues and the vascular tissues that arises from the ground meristem

104
Q

cortex (2)

A
  • tissue located between the vascular bundles and epidermis

- may contain stored carbohydrates, resins, latex, essential oils, tannins, etc.

105
Q

epidermis (2)

A
  • single layer of cells that covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants that forms a boundary between the plant and the external environment
  • protection against water loss, regulation of gas exchange, secretion of metabolic compounds, and absorption of water and mineral nutrients
106
Q

mycorrhizae

A

a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant

107
Q

root hairs

A

elongated microscopic outgrowths from the outer layer of cells in a root, absorbing moisture and nutrients from the soil

108
Q

taproots

A

a dominant vertical root that grows very deep into the soil, with smaller secordary roots, and are typical or eudicots

109
Q

fibrous roots

A

mat of thread-like roots that do not grow very deep into the soil and are typical of monocots

110
Q

pith

A

ground tissue containing no vascular bundles, located in the middle of the stem

111
Q

vascular cambium

A
  • main growth layer in the stems and roots of many plants, specifically in dicots
  • produces xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside
112
Q

thorn

A

a modified plant organ, especially a stem, that is stiffened and terminates in a sharp point

113
Q

stomates

A

a tiny pore in a plant leaf surrounded by a pair of guard cells that regulate its opening and closure, and serves as the site for gas exchange

114
Q

transpiration

A

the process where plants absorb water through the roots and then give off water vapor through pores in their leaves

115
Q

guard cells

A

a pair of cells found on each side of a stomatal opening, which has properties enabling the contraction and expansion of the stomatal pore

116
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

tightly packed, columnar cells, each containing many chloroplasts, in a leaf

117
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

the lower layer of the ground tissue of a leaf, characteristically containing irregularly shaped cells with relatively few chloroplasts and large intercellular spaces

118
Q

cuticle

A

extracellular hydrophobic layer that provides protection

119
Q

spine

A

modifications of a leaf but with no chloroplasts

120
Q

tendril

A

slender climbing organ formed by modification of a part of a plant, such as a stem/leaf/petiole

121
Q

hyphae

A

long filamentous branches found in fungi

122
Q

mycelium

A

dense mat of hyphae

123
Q

sexual repro

A

a mode of reproduction that involves fusion of female gamete and male gamete

124
Q

mitosis

A

a method of cell division, in which the nucleus divides into daughter nuclei, each containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus

125
Q

meiosis

A

chromosome numbers don’t double with each generation and results in spores with varied genetic content

126
Q

zygosporangium

A

produces haploid spores on a sporangium by meiosis

127
Q

lichen

A

symbiotic organisms made up by the association of microscopic green algae or cyanobacteria and filamentous fungi

128
Q

ascus

A

a sac containing 8 haploid ascopores

129
Q

ascospores

A

a spore contained in an ascus under optimal conditions

130
Q

basidia

A

a club-like structure attached to gills/pores of the reproductive

131
Q

basidiospores

A

reproductive spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia

132
Q

why are all phylogenetic trees hypotheses? (2)

A
  • constantly changing as new species are discovered

- unable to go back in time and directly verify the exact branching pattern

133
Q

human taxonomy (domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species)

A 
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates 
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
134
Q

are milk prod mammary glands ancestral or derived?

A

derived

135
Q

are hinged jaws in mammals ancestral or derived?

A

ancestral

136
Q

are the wings of butterflies and birds homologous or analogous?

A

analogous

137
Q

are the wings of dragonflies and butterflies analogous or homologous?

A

homologous

138
Q

why is progressivism incorrect?

A

there is no end form to evolution and we are not it

139
Q

is the shared ancestor one of its descendents?

A

no; it is something between the two

140
Q

what is a gene?

A

a section of a DNA molec that codes for a protein (& some RNA)

141
Q

what is a non-coding region? (2)

A
  • the section of a gene that does not code for anything

- very weak selection against mutationt

142
Q

what is a genome?

A

a complete set of genetic material in an organism

143
Q

regions with high similarities in a gene sequence

A

highly conserved genes probably linked to a critical function

144
Q

are traditional becteria photosynth?

A

no

145
Q

are cells in cyanobacterial filaments called cocci or bacilli?

A

no

146
Q

e.coli morphology and gram stain

A

bascillus; negative (pink)

147
Q

s. epidermis morphology and gram stain

A

coccus; positive (purple)

148
Q

bacterial colony

A

multiple microorganisms that are all from 1 mother cell

149
Q

what are 2 gram positive coccus bacteria who grow well in salty envs?

A

staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis

150
Q

which bacteria, staphylococcus aureus or staphylococcus epidermidis, can ferment mannitol, a sugar alcohol?

A

aureus (YELLOW)

151
Q

two ways euks sig duffer from prokaryotes?

A
  • linear DNA vs circular

- histones vs none

152
Q

all photosynth protists are called?

A

algae

153
Q

zooxanthellae

A

photosynth dinoflagellates that live in a mutualistic relationship w/ reef building corals

154
Q

how do zooxanthellae benefic the reef building coral? (2)

A
  • algae prod o and helps the coral remove waste

- supply coral w/ glucose, glycerol, and amino acids

155
Q

two ways diatoms are used comercially?

A
  • matches

- toothpaste

156
Q

what kind of clade are seaweeds?

A

paraphyletic

157
Q

eudidoc stem

A

vascular bundles in a ring

158
Q

monocot stem

A

vascular bundles scattered randomly

159
Q

non-vascular plants (4)

A
  • have flagellated sperm
  • lack true roots, stems, or leaves
  • terrestrial
  • small
160
Q

what are two examples of non-vascular plants?

A

liverworts and mosses

161
Q

what is an example of a seedless vascular plant?

A

a fern

162
Q

4 phyla of gymnosperms

A
  1. Cycadophyta
  2. Ginkgophyta
  3. Gnetophyta
  4. Coniferophyta
163
Q

what do flowers in angiosperms do?

A

attract pollinators to encourage fertilization

164
Q

what do fruits in angiosperms do?

A

help ensure successful seed dispersal

165
Q

are angiosperms gymnosperms?

A

no

166
Q

how many sperm do angiosperm microspores contain?

A

2

167
Q

double fertilization

A

fertilization characteristic of seed plants in which one sperm nucleus fuses w/ the egg nucleus to form an embryo and another fuses w/ the polar nuclei to form the endosperm

168
Q

what are monocot flower parts (petals/anthers) in multiples of?

A

3

169
Q

what are eudicot flower parts (petals/anthers) in multiples of?

A

4 or 5

170
Q

what is the pattern of leaf venation in monocots?

A

parallel

171
Q

what is the pattern of leaf venation in eudicots?

A

net-like

172
Q

common features of wind pollinated flowers (4)

A
  1. dry, light pollen
  2. small unscented flowers
  3. long fragile stamens
  4. extended stigmas
173
Q

common features of fly pollinated flowers (3)

A
  1. must offer food (nectar, pollen)
  2. foul odor
  3. dark or dull colour
174
Q

common features of bird pollinated flowers (4)

A
  1. must offer food (nectar, pollen)
  2. odorless
  3. usually red (hummingbirds)
  4. long tubes
175
Q

common features of bee pollinated flowers (7)

A
  1. must offer food (nectar, pollen)
  2. sweet odor
  3. warmth
  4. yellow, blue, ultraviolet colours
  5. long tubes
  6. occasionally use sexual mimicry
  7. most common vector
176
Q

biological definition of fruit

A

an organ that contains seeds, protecting these as they develop and aiding their dispersal

177
Q

gymnosperm

A

a plant which produces seeds that are not contained within an ovary or fruit, but rather are open to the air and are directly fertilized by pollination

178
Q

3 main types of tissues in plants

A
  1. epidermal
  2. vascular
  3. ground tissue
179
Q

xylem under a microscope

A

stains red due to lingin strengthening its cell walls

180
Q

phloem under a microscope

A
  • small, thin-walled
  • blue/green
  • alternating large and small cells
181
Q

what are the main functions of a root?

A

to absorb w and nutrients

182
Q

what is the advantage of the root modification of sweet potatoes?

A

lateral root/tubers/taproots store food/E (glucose/starch) underground for later

183
Q

what is the advantage of the prop roots of corn?

A

mechanical support so they can grow tall and resist wind + deal with the weight of the corn

184
Q

what is the advantage to the aerial roots of orchids?

A

spongy roots absorb w, dust, and other org matter from the air (tropical)

185
Q

examples of ground tissue

A

cortex, pith

186
Q

differentiating sclerenchyma and xylem under the microscope (they both stain red)

A
  • sclerenchyma walls are much thicker than xylem cell walls

- xylem are larger and hollow

187
Q

function of the outer cortex in buttercups?

A

photosynth

188
Q

function of the inner cortex in buttercups?

A

stores org molecs

189
Q

is there a vascular cambium in monocot’s vascular bundles?

A

no, as monocots do not produce wood

190
Q

order of tissues from epidermis to pith (8)

A
  1. epidermis
  2. cortex
  3. primary phloem
  4. vascular cambium
  5. primary xylem
  6. secondary phloem
  7. secondary xylem
  8. pith
191
Q

3 ways the prod of wood improves a plants ability to survive in its env?

A
  1. stability
  2. transport
  3. storage
192
Q

how are the stem modifications of potatoe tubers beneficial? (2)

A
  • survival of winter/dry months (asexual repro)

- repro when conditions are right

193
Q

how are the stem modifications of cactus stems beneficial? (2)

A
  • fleshy, large photosynth area

- expands to retain more w (storage)

194
Q

how are the stem modifications of Epiphyllum stems beneficial? (2)

A
  • stem flattens into leaf shapes

- succulent for w storage

195
Q

how are the stem modifications of the hawthorn torn beneficial?

A

help protect the plant from predation

196
Q

broad thin leaves (2)

A
  • water loss through transpiration

- heat loss

197
Q

where on the privet leaf are the guard cells?

A

corners of the outer epidermis, around the stomata

198
Q

what is the function of carniverous leaves?

A

assist in nutrient uptake from captured prey

199
Q

what is the benefic to having succulent leaves?

A

lower SA:V ratio to retain moisture in dry envs

200
Q

a thorn is a modified?

A

stem

201
Q

a spine is a modified?

A

leaf

202
Q

3 ways Oleander’s prevent w loss

A
  1. thick cuticle
  2. pockets
  3. several layers of epidermis
203
Q

3 fungal phyla

A
  1. Zygomycota
  2. Ascomycota
  3. Basiodiomycota
204
Q

Zygomycota

A

common bread mold

205
Q

Ascomycota

A

cup fungi, unicellular yeast, mildews

206
Q

Basiodiomycota

A

mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs

207
Q

2 possible photosynth partners w/ lichens

A
  1. alga

2. cyanobacteria

Biology 1215 (7 decks)

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