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Biology 1215 > Bacteria + Archaea + Eukarya > Flashcards

Bacteria + Archaea + Eukarya Flashcards

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1
Q

bacteria evolved

A

3.5-4 bill yrs ago

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2
Q

bacteria cause

A
  • bubonic plague
  • typhoid
  • tuberculosis
  • cholera
  • gonorrhea
  • lepsory
  • botulism
  • whooping cough
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3
Q

do bacteria have introns?

A

no

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4
Q

bacteria are

A
  • opportunistic

- only cause illness when defense are weakened

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5
Q

linking diseases to bacteria began in the late 1800s. who was first to make this connection?

A

Robert Koch (used anthrax and tuberculosis)

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6
Q

Koch’s postulates (4)

A
  1. FIND SAME PATHOGEN IN EACH: researcher must find the same pathogen in each diseased individual
  2. ISOLATE PATHOGEN: isolate pathogen from diseased and grow in pure culture
  3. INDUCE DISEASE: induce disease into experimental animals by transferring the pathogen from the culture
  4. RE-ISOLATE: after (if) disease develops, re-isolate the same pathogen from experimental animals
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7
Q

super-bugs are aggravated/created by

A

excessive antibiotic use

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8
Q

beneficial prokaryotes

A
  • prod vitamins
  • decompose org material
  • recycle nutrients (C, S, N)
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9
Q

how many bacterial cells have been found in oceans?

A

10^29

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10
Q

why are prokaryotes difficult to classify?

A
  • limited fossil record
  • structural simplicity
  • DNA swapping (HGT)
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11
Q

phylogeny of prokaryotes is now determined by

A

sequencing regions of the SSU-rRNA

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12
Q

how small are bacteria?

A

200nm to 2microm

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13
Q

bacteria shape

A
  • cocci
  • bacilli
  • spirilla and spirochetes
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14
Q

what do bacterial cell walls do?

A
  • maintain shape
  • protects from hypotonic envs
  • contain peptidoglycan
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15
Q

bacterial movement

A

flagella

- convergent evolution with euk flagella

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16
Q

reproduction

A
  • no sex
  • binary fission
  • speedy
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17
Q

bacterial genomes

A
  • 1/1000th as much DNA as in euk genomes
  • very little non-coding DNA (85% coding)
  • genomic degradation
  • circular chromosomes
  • 20 000 genes
  • approx. 3 billion chromosomes in genome
  • 17 000 bp’s
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18
Q

how much of our DNA is non-coding?

A

98.5%

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19
Q

circular chromosomes

A
  • 15% noncoding
  • in nucleoid region
  • not bound to histones
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20
Q

operon

A

cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter

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21
Q

plasmid

A
  • small circular pieces of DNA
  • 2000 to 10 000 bps
  • can be horiz transferred
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22
Q

biotech: to amplify a gene of interest

A
  • using recombinant DNA tech
    1. cut gene out with restriction enzyme
    2. put it into a plasmid
    3. seal with DNA ligase
    4. mix w/ bacteria
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23
Q

3 ways prokaryotes exchange DNA

A
  1. transformation
  2. transduction
  3. conjugation
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24
Q

transformation

A
  • incorporate foreign DNA from surrounding env

- Frederickson

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25
Q

transduction

A

movement of genes btwn bacteria by bacteriophages

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26
Q

conjugation

A
  • involves cell-to-cell contact

- sex pili allow DNA transfer

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27
Q

cDNA

A

DNA with introns removed = RNA + reverse transcriptase (used to make human insulin)

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28
Q

like bacteria, archaea have…

A
  • no membrane-bound organelles
  • circular chromosomes
  • similar ribosomes
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29
Q

like eukarya, archaea have…

A
  • no peptidoglycan
  • introns (in some)
  • have histones
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30
Q

archaea live in…

A
  • low E envs

- marginal habitats

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31
Q

3 types of archaea

A
  • methanogens (prod methane)
  • halophiles (salty)
  • thermophiles (hot)
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32
Q

phototrophs

A

obtain e from light

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33
Q

chemotrophs

A

obtain e from chemicals

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34
Q

autotrophs

A

need only inorganic CO2 to make org molecs

35
Q

heterotrophs

A

need to consume at least 1 org molec

36
Q

nitrogen fixation

A
  • breaking the N triple bond and make it into NH3/NH4+
37
Q

obligate aerobes

A

req O2 for cellular respiration

38
Q

facilitative anaerobes

A

will use O2 if present, but can use fermentation

39
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

poisoned by O2 and use fermentation

40
Q

bacterial success

A

metabolic diversity & fast repro

41
Q

euk success

A

diversity of shapes and sized, and fine control of gene expression

42
Q

mixotrophs

A

photo + hetertrophic

43
Q

dynamic cytoskeleton (3)

A
  • faster/bigger
  • change shape
  • movement and phagocytosis
44
Q

endomembrane system moves molecs faster or slower than diffusion?

A

faster

45
Q

linear chromosomes (2)

A
  • replicate multiple strands simultaneously

- large non-coding regions function in gene regulation

46
Q

genetic diversity in bacteria is due to?

A

horizontal gene transfer

47
Q

sex promotes diversity in euks in two ways

A
  1. gametes are genetically unique

2. fertilization is random

48
Q

sperms differ from each other due to (2)

A
  1. recombination/crossing over

2. independent assortment

49
Q

genetic diversity in euks

A
  • dynamic cytoskeleton and membrane system
  • complex gene regulation
  • genetic diversity via sex
50
Q

oldest euk fossils

A

1.8 bill yrs

51
Q

problems with protista

A
  • defined by exclusion
  • poly/paraphyletic
  • members not closely related
52
Q

how many species of protists are there?

A

70 000 +

53
Q

how do protists move?

A

cilia or flagella

54
Q

protist diseases (4)

A

malaria, African sleeping sickness, amoebic dysentery, giardia

55
Q

how did the endomembrane system evolve?

A

infolding the of the plasma membrane

56
Q

endosymbiosis

A

proposes that mitochondrian and chloroplasts were independent prokaryotes

57
Q

evidence that organelles were once free living

A
  • appearance
  • genomes
  • enzymes
  • ribosomes
  • binary fission
58
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

euk eating a euk that has eaten a prok and all retaining membranes

59
Q

why discontinuous presence of Photosynth?

A

euks acquired Photosynth multiple times by repeated episodes of endosymbiosis

60
Q

7 major superkingdoms of euks

A
  1. amoebazoa
  2. archaeaplastids
  3. opisthokonts
  4. stramenopila
  5. alveolate
  6. excavates
  7. rhizarians
61
Q

ameobozoa contains

A
  • amoebas
  • slime molds
  • cellular slime molds
62
Q

Archaeplastida contains

A
  • chlorophyta

- rhodophyta

63
Q

stramenopila contains

A
  • diatoms

- brown algae

64
Q

alveolate contains

A
  • dinoflagellates
  • apicomplexans
  • ciliates
65
Q

excavates contains

A
  • euglenids
  • trypanosomes
  • diplomonads
66
Q

amoebozoa characteristics

A
  • many are unicellular
  • found in soil and aquatic envs
  • use phagocytosis
  • reproduce via mitosis or nuclear fusion
67
Q

amoebas

A
  • lobe shaped pseudopodia
  • unicellular heterotrophs
  • amoebic dysentry
68
Q

slime molds

A
  • fruiting bodies that prod spores

- plasmodial and cellular

69
Q

cellular slime moulds

A
  • good conditions, one-celled amoeba
  • bad conditions, slug like thing
  • individual/multicellularity
70
Q

Archaeplastida characteristics

A
  • cell wall w cellulose

- chloroplasts are surrounded by two membranes

71
Q

chlorophyta

A
  • green algae
  • can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
  • 10,000 species
72
Q

rhodophyta

A
  • no flagellated sperms
  • live in deep w
  • red
73
Q

stramenopila characteristics

A
  • have hair like projections on their flagella

- some heterotrophic, some photoauto’s

74
Q

diatoms

A
  • common phytoplankton
  • chloroplasts have 3 membranes (2ndary endosymbiosis)
  • glass-like walls of hydrated cilica
75
Q

brown algae

A
  • kelp
  • complex anatomy similar to plants
  • no vascular tissue
  • convergent evolution
  • Photosynth w “leaves”, using bladders to float them close to the sun
76
Q

alveolata characteristics

A
  • very diverse

- presence of cortical alveoli sacs under their membranes

77
Q

dinoflagellates

A
  • phytoplankton
  • foundation of marine food chains
  • spin b/c of 2 flagella in perpendicular grooves
  • red tide
  • zooxanthellae form mutualistic symbioses w/ corals and anemones
78
Q

apicomplexans

A
  • parasites (eg. plasmodium, cicle cell anemia)

- intricate life cycles

79
Q

ciliates

A
  • diverse

- use cilia to move and feed

80
Q

excavates characteristics

A
  • basal flagella

- cytoskeletons

81
Q

euglenids

A
  • anterior pocket w 1/2 flagella
  • often mixotrophic
  • photosynth
82
Q

trypanosomes

A
  • African sleeping sickness

- freq changes in surface proteins prevent host developing immunity

83
Q

diplomonads

A
  • lack mitochondria (lost 2ndarily)

Biology 1215 (7 decks)

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