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Biology 1215 > Midterm 2: plant structure and function (angio+gymno), fungi, ch 44 (animals), ch 24 (human evolution) > Flashcards

Midterm 2: plant structure and function (angio+gymno), fungi, ch 44 (animals), ch 24 (human evolution) Flashcards

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1
Q

4 main groups of land plants:

A
  1. bryophytes (mosses and liverworts)
  2. pteridophytes (ferns)
  3. gymnosperms (conifers)
  4. angiosperms (flowering plants)
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2
Q

what plants first acquired vascular tissue?

A

ferns

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3
Q

5 characteristics of monocots

A
  1. 1 cotyledon
  2. veins usually parallel
  3. vascular bundles usually complexly arranged
  4. fibrous root system
  5. floral parts usually in multiples of 3
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4
Q

5 characteristics of dicots

A
  1. 2 cotyledons
  2. veins usually netlike
  3. vascular bundles usually arranged in a ring
  4. taproots
  5. floral parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5
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5
Q

4 major events in the evolution of land plants

A
  1. bryophytes from algal ancestors
  2. vascular tissue in pteridophytes
  3. seeds/pollen in gymnosperms
  4. flowers in angiosperms
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6
Q

where does most photosynth occur in a plant?

A

the leaves

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7
Q

3 major tissues in leaves:

A
  1. epidermis
  2. mesophyll (Photosynth)
  3. veins (bulk transport)
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8
Q

what is the cost of acquiring CO2?

A

several hundred w molecs lost for every 1 CO2 molec acquired

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9
Q

stomata allow

A

CO2 to diffuse into the leaf

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10
Q

stomata are

A

hydrochemical valves

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11
Q

stomata make up what % of the leaf’s surface?

A

1-2%

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12
Q

how do the guard cells surrounding the stomata open?

A

inc the [] of solutes - req ATP

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13
Q

guard cells respond to (2)

A
  1. CO2 demand

2. w loss

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14
Q

what stimulates opening?

A

light

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15
Q

what stimulates closing (2)?

A
  • high levels of CO2 inside the leaf

- dehydration

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16
Q

other leaf functions (4)

A
  1. protection
  2. climbing
  3. trapping
  4. attracting pollinators
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17
Q

xerophytes are

A

plants adapted to arid climates

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18
Q

trichomes

A

hairs; break up the flow of air

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19
Q

where does bulk transport occur?

A

btwn roots and leaves

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20
Q

phloem

A

outer vascular tissue that transports carbs from the leaves to the rest of the plant

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21
Q

xylem

A

inner vascular tissue that transports w and minerals from the roots to the leaves

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22
Q

two types of ground tissue

A
  1. pith

2. cortex

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23
Q

3 functions of ground tissue

A
  1. Photosynth
  2. storage
  3. support
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24
Q

xylem structure (3)

A
  1. dead, hollow conduit
  2. single or multiple cells stacked to form a hollow tube
  3. hydrogen bonds
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25
Q

phloem structure (3)

A
  1. living, simplified cells
  2. sieve plates with large pores
  3. carbs, amino acids, N, ions, hormones up and down
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26
Q

what are the 3 main nutrients taken up by roots?

A

N, P, K

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27
Q

mycorrhizae are

A

symbioses btwn roots and fungi

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28
Q

mycorrhizae (2)

A
  • enhance nutrient uptake (P)

- fungi receive carbs

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29
Q

what elements limits agriculture?

A

N

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30
Q

what do N-fixing bacteria transform N gas into?

A

ammonium ions

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31
Q

what are roots used for (4)?

A
  • adhering
  • prop roots
  • storage
  • O acquisition
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32
Q

hormone means

A

“to excite”

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33
Q

hormones are

A

chem signals produced in 1 part of the body and trigger responses in target cells and tissues

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34
Q

tropism

A

growth toward or away from stimuli

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35
Q

what 2 tropisms do plants display?

A
  1. +ive phototropism

2. gravitropism

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36
Q

who did the tropism experiment?

A

Darwin and his son (1875)

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37
Q

what was the conclusion from the Darwin’s experiment?

A

that signals are transmitted from the tip downward (Auxin hormone)

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38
Q

what is 2ndary growth?

A

when the vascular cambium produces cells that differentiate on both its sides (rings in a tree)

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39
Q

where are 2ndary xylem located?

A

inside the vascular cambium

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40
Q

where are 2ndary phloem located?

A

outside the vascular cambium

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41
Q

what do wide growth rings indicate?

A

higher growth rates

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42
Q

what do narrow growth rings indicate?

A

slow growing

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43
Q

wood is

A

primary xylem

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44
Q

2ndary xylem (2)

A
  • strength and stability

- transports w and nutrients from the roots to the leaves

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45
Q

what do fungi do?

A

decompose (cellulose and lignin)

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46
Q

how many species of fungi are known?

A

75,000

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47
Q

how many species of fungi worldwide?

A

5 mill

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48
Q

fungi are (2)

A
  • euks
  • multi
  • heterotrophs
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49
Q

what are 4 ways fungi differ from plants?

A
  1. nutritional mode
  2. cell walls
  3. growth
  4. repro
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50
Q

who are the closest relatives to fungi?

A

animals

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51
Q

how do fungi acquire nutrients?

A

absorption

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52
Q

what do exoenzymes do?

A

digest food outside its body into simpler, absorbable compounds

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53
Q

hyphae

A

tiny filaments that make up fungi

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54
Q

mycelium

A

densely branched network of hyphae

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55
Q

chitin

A

a strong but flexible polysaccharide

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56
Q

septa

A

divide hyphae into cells

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57
Q

no septa in hyphae

A

continuous cytoplasmic mass w/ hundreds of nuclei

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58
Q

are fungi sexual or asexual?

A

both

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59
Q

are hyphae and spores usually haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

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60
Q

plasmogamy

A

occasionally 2 genetically different hyphae fuse

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61
Q

heterokaryon

A

mycelium w/ 2 genetically distinct nuclei

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62
Q

karyogamy

A

fusion of the haploid nuclei contributed by the 2 parents

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63
Q

when do fungi reproduce sexually?

A

if conditions deteriorate

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64
Q

is there a multicellular diploid stage in zygosporangia?

A

no

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65
Q

how many ascomycota species have been described?

A

over 60,000

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66
Q

ascus

A

a sac containing 8 spores formed during sexual repro

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67
Q

how many basidiomycota are there?

A

about 25,000

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68
Q

what types of fungi are in phylum basidiomycota?

A

mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs

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69
Q

basidium

A

club-like structure that produces sexual spores

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70
Q

mold

A

a rapidly growing, asexually reproducing fungus

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71
Q

yeasts

A

unicellular fungi that repro asexually by budding

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72
Q

lichens

A

mutualistic symbiosis of Photosynth microorganisns held in fungal hyphae

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73
Q

what are 2 photosynthetic partners in lichen associations?

A

green algae or cyanobacteria

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74
Q

where did most animal phyla arise?

A

Precambrian seas

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75
Q

how long ago did animals arise?

A

500-600mya

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76
Q

what geological site most accurately captures the Cambrian explosion?

A

Burgess Shale, BC

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77
Q

gastrula

A

a blind pouch formed during gastrulation which prod endo/ecto/mesoderms

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78
Q

are hox genes highly conserved?

A

yes

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79
Q

define highly conserved

A

moves through time relatively unchanged; high resistance to mutations

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80
Q

larval stages of animals are (4)

A
  1. sexually immature
  2. morphologically distinct
  3. diff foods and habitats
  4. undergo metamorphisis to attain adult morph
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81
Q

animals are/have/do (9)

A
  1. multi, heterotrophic euks
  2. ingestion
  3. no cell walls
  4. collagen
  5. nervous and muscle tissue
  6. sex
  7. gastrula
  8. hox genes
  9. larval stages
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82
Q

what are the 9 major animal phyla?

A
  1. chordata
  2. mollusca
  3. annelida
  4. arthropoeda
  5. Echinodermata
  6. porifera
  7. cnidaria
  8. platyhelminthes
  9. nematoda
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83
Q

chordata contains

A

mammals, reptiles, fish

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84
Q

mollusca contains

A

snails, clams

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85
Q

annelida contains

A

segmented worms

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86
Q

arthropoeda contains

A

insects/crustaceans

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87
Q

porifera contains

A

sponges

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88
Q

cnidaria contains

A

jellies

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89
Q

platyhemlinthes contains

A

flatworms

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90
Q

nematoda contains

A

roundworms

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91
Q

what is the animal clade’s common ancestor?

A

a colonial flagellated protist similar to modern choanoflagellates

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92
Q

what’s a hypothesis regarding animal evolution?

A

a colony of identical cells evolved into a hollow sphere; cells invaginated, creating a gut

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93
Q

how many animal phyla are there?

A

35

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94
Q

what is the old animal phylogeny based on?

A

morphology and embryology

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95
Q

what are 4 structural changes in the new tree?

A
  1. tissue
  2. symmetry
  3. body cavity
  4. development
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96
Q

parazoa lack

A

true tissue (sponges)

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97
Q

eumetazoan have

A

true tissue

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98
Q

what type of symmetry do animals in cnidaria have?

A

radial

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99
Q

cephalization is linked with bilateral symmetry. what is cephilization?

A

[] of sensory equipment at the anterior end

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100
Q

diploblastic means (3)

A
  1. 2 germ layers
  2. ectoderm develops into outer covering and the central nervous system
  3. endoderm lines developing digestive tube
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101
Q

are Radiata (cnidaria) diploblastic?

A

yes

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102
Q

are bilateria triploblastic?

A

yes

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103
Q

triploblastic means (2)

A
  1. mesoderm btwn ecto and endoderm

2. develops into muscles and many other organs

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104
Q

bilateria are further sectioned into having a body cavity or not. do platyhelminthes have a ceolem?

A

no

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105
Q

in terms of body cavities, nematoda are considered

A

pseudoceolomates

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106
Q

ceolomates have a true coelom, define true coelom

A

fluid-filled cavity completely lined by mesoderm

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107
Q

2 benefits to having a true coelom

A
  1. cushions internal organs

2. hydrostatic skeleton

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108
Q

what 3 phyla are protostomes?

A

mollusks, annelids, arthropods

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109
Q

what 2 phyla are deuterosomes?

A

echinoderms and chordates

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110
Q

what type of cleavage to protostomes undergo?

A

spiral, determinate

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111
Q

what type of cleavage do deuterostomes undergo?

A

radial, indeterminate

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112
Q

what does the blastopore in protostomes develop into?

A

mouth

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113
Q

what does the blastopore in deuterostomes develop into?

A

anus

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114
Q

what does it mean when you see a polytomy (flat line) on a tree?

A

don’t have the molec resolution to know what came 1st

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115
Q

the old and new tree are alike in 3 branchings: (but different on the rest)

A
  1. no tissues vs tissue
  2. radial vs bilateral
  3. protostomes vs deuterosomes
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116
Q

animals with pseudocoeloms or no coeloms at all are no longer considered more primitive they are thought to have

A

lost their coeloms

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117
Q

ecdysozoa (2)

A
  • molt old exoskeleton and secrete a new, larger one (ecdysis)
  • nematoda and arthropoda
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118
Q

how many extant species of animals are currently identified?

A

more than 1mill

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119
Q

what % of animals are vertebrates?

A

5%, u biased fucka

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120
Q

porifera (3)

A
  1. sessile
  2. lack nervous tissues
  3. suspension feeders
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121
Q

what lies inside the internal chambers of perforations in porifera?

A

flagellated choanocytes that trap food with their collars

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122
Q

how do sponges distribute nutrients across their cells?

A

amoebocytes

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123
Q

what forms spicules?

A

amoebocytes

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124
Q

what are hermaphrodites and what phylum is one?

A

prods both sperm + eggs; porifera

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125
Q

how many living species of cnidaria are there?

A

10,000

- mostly marine

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126
Q

4 examples of cnidaria

A
  1. hydras
  2. jellies
  3. ovemones
  4. corals
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127
Q

2 variations of cnidaria

A
  1. sessile polyp

2. floating medusa

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128
Q

medusas (eg. jellies) are mouth-down versions of what?

A

polyps

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129
Q

are cnidarians herbivores or carnivores?

A

carnivores

130
Q

what are nematocysts?

A

organelles in cnidaria’s stinging tentacles that evert a poisonous, entangling thread

131
Q

are hydras found in fresh or salt w?

A

fresh

132
Q

how do hydras do sex?

A
  • repro asexually via budding

- when env conditions deteriorate, they do sex (lesistant zygotes)

133
Q

corals (4)

A
  1. are polyps
  2. are colonial
  3. secrete a hard exoskeleton of calcium carbonate
  4. build on the remains of earlier generations
134
Q

sea anemonies are a mutualistic symbioses with

A

Photosynth dinoflagellates

135
Q

lopotrochozoa

A

animals that do not perform ecdysis

136
Q

why do platy’s have flat bodies?

A

diffusion

137
Q

what are 2 parasitic platy’s?

A

flukes and tapeworms

138
Q

trematode fluke Schistosoma infects 200 mill ppl and causes serious illness (3)

A
  1. anemia
  2. dysentery
  3. swimmers itch
139
Q

what anchors a tapeworm in a digestive tract?

A

scolex (suckers and hooks)

140
Q

proglottids

A

sacs of sex organs

141
Q

how would you get a tapeworm outside of Canada?

A

undercooked meat

142
Q

how would you get a tapeworm inside of Canada?

A

undercooked game

143
Q

tapeworm/human lifecycle (5)

A
  1. proglottids leave in hosts feces
  2. eggs ingested by intermediary hosts, usually pigs or cattle
  3. larvae encyst in muscles
  4. humans eat undercooked meat contaminated with cycts
  5. mature in human
144
Q

mollusca are (3)

A
  • marine
  • soft-bodied
  • hard shell of CaCarbonate (some reduced, like octopi, slugs, squids)
145
Q

3 features of mollusca’s body plan

A
  1. muscular foot
  2. visceral mass
  3. a mantle
146
Q

what does the mantle do?

A

drapes over the visceral mass and secretes shell

147
Q

how do mollusca eat?

A

scrape food using radula

148
Q

molluska sex

A
  • most are separate sexes,

- snails are hermaphrodites

149
Q

what type of larva do marine mollusks have?

A

tropophore (same as annelids)

150
Q

4 types of molluska

A
  1. chitons
  2. snails and slugs
  3. bivalves
  4. squid + octopuses
151
Q

chitons are (2)

A
  1. marine

2. oval

152
Q

how many dorsal plates are chitons shells divided into?

A

8

153
Q

most snails and slugs are (2)

A
  • marine

- protected by single, spiralled shells (if no shell, chem defenses)

154
Q

during embryonic development, snails undergo torsion

A

visceral mass is rotated up to 180 deg

155
Q

some species of snails/slugs are predators. how are their radula’s modified?

A

to bore holes in the shells of other orgs

156
Q

what functions as a lung in terrestrial snails?

A

lining of the mantle cavity

157
Q

4 examples of bivalves

A
  1. clams
  2. oysters
  3. mussels
  4. scallops
158
Q

what are bivalve abductor muscles used for?

A

closing the shell to tightly protect the animal

159
Q

bivalves are suspension feeders. track the path of w

A

enters via incurrent siphon, passes over gills, exits via excurrent siphon; traps fine particles in gill mucus and the cilia convey them to the mouth

160
Q

squid/octopi have a well-developed nervous system (4)

A
  1. complex brain
  2. well-developed sense organs
  3. eyes similar to vertebrate eyes
  4. capable of learning
161
Q

where do you find annelida’s?

A

freshw, damp soil, marine

162
Q

3 types of annelida

A

segmented worms: polychaetes, leeches, earthworms

163
Q

is the coelom of an annelida partitioned?

A

yes, by septa

164
Q

annelidan digestive system consists of (4)

A

esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine

165
Q

do annelids have an open or closed circulatory system?

A

closed

166
Q

metanephridia

A

excretory tubes that act like kidneys, found in each segment of an annelidan

167
Q

annelids have cerebral ganglia. are they cephalized?

A

yes

168
Q

earthworm sex

A

crossfertilizing hermaphrodites

169
Q

polychaete locomotion

A

each segment has paddlelike parapodia

170
Q

feather-duster polychaetes eating

A

trap plankton on feathery bristles

171
Q

where do leeches live?

A

fresh w, some terrestrial

172
Q

what do leeches secrete?

A

hirudin, an anticoagulant

173
Q

where are nematoda found (4)?

A
  • aquatic habitats
  • wet soil
  • plant tissue
  • body fluids of animals
174
Q

what do nematoda play a major role in?

A

decomposition

175
Q

nematoda repro

A

sexual reproduction (up to 100,000 eggs per day)

176
Q

do nematoda have a complete digestive tract?

A

yes

177
Q

what do nematoda cause?

A

Trichinella Spiralis (undercooked meat)

178
Q

how many arthropod species are there?

A

over 1 million (2/3 of species)

179
Q

the success of arthropods is due to (3)

A
  • body segmentation
  • hard exoskeleton
  • jointed appendages
180
Q

what are arthropod exoskeletons made of?

A

protein and chitin

181
Q

what’s one disadvantage of doing ecdysis?

A

left temporarily vulnerable when molting

182
Q

what are 3 functions of an exoskeleton?

A
  1. protection
  2. locomotion
  3. prevents w loss on land
183
Q

what are the 4 main evolutionary lineages of arthropods?

A
  • Cheliceriformes
  • Myriapoda
  • Hexapoda
  • Trilobita
184
Q

what are 3 examples of a cheliceriform?

A

spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions

185
Q

what are 2 examples of a myriapoda?

A

cent + milipedes

186
Q

hexapoda

A

insects

187
Q

2 examples of crustacea

A
  • lobsters

- barnacles

188
Q

trilobites died in what extinction?

A

Permian, 250 mya

189
Q

living fossil

A

has not changed much from its ancestors (eg horseshoe crab)

190
Q

how does gas exchange occur in spiders?

A

book lung with extensive SA

191
Q

how many pairs of walking legs per segment do millipedes have?

A

2

192
Q

how many pairs of walking legs per segment do centipedes have?

A

1

193
Q

millipedes are (2)

A
  • herbivores

- among the earliest land animals

194
Q

centipedes are (2)

A
  • carnivores

- have poison claws

195
Q

insects inhabit (3)

A

terrestrial habitats, fresh w, air

196
Q

how long do fossils date back for insects?

A

400mya

197
Q

flight is key to the success of insects; it allows insects to (3)

A
  • escape
  • find food and mates
  • disperse
198
Q

metabolic wastes in insects are removed by

A

malpighian tubules (kidney)

199
Q

what does the tracheal system in insects do?

A

carries O2 from spiracles directly to cells

200
Q

do insects have brains?

A

yes; 2 ventral nerve chords fusing into a cerebral ganglion

201
Q

incomplete metamorphisis

A

young resemble adults

202
Q

complete metamorphisis

A

larval stages change morphology completely during pupal stage

203
Q

what are 3 things insects use to mate sexually at the right time?

A
  1. colouration
  2. sound
  3. odour
204
Q

spermatophores are

A

sperm packets deposited by the male

205
Q

spermatophores can contain additional nutrients such as

A

nuptial gift (sometimes the male)

206
Q

where do female insects lay their eggs?

A

on/in a larval food source

207
Q

affect other terrestrial orgs in 3 ways

A
  1. pollination
  2. vectors for diseases (malaria, African sleeping sickness, west nile virus, plague)
  3. pesticides
208
Q

crustaceans are mostly marine. what is one example of a terrestrial crustacean?

A

wood bug

209
Q

are barnacles mollusks or crustaceans?

A

crustaceans

210
Q

what are 5 types of crustaceans?

A
  1. lobsters
  2. crabs
  3. crayfish
  4. shrimp
  5. barnacles
211
Q

where do echino’s live?

A

marine env’s only

212
Q

what type of symmetry do echinoderms have?

A

pentaradial (metamorphosis from bilateral larva)

213
Q

what are 3 functions of tube feet?

A
  1. locomotion
  2. feeding
  3. gas exchange
214
Q

what is the w vascular system?

A

a network of hydraulic canals branching into extensions called tube feet

215
Q

3 classes of echino’s that are of interest for us:

A
  1. sea stars
  2. sea urchins/sand dollars
  3. sea cuces
216
Q

3 steps to sea stars eating bivalves

A
  1. pull apart shells with tube feet
  2. evert its stomach btwn the shells
  3. enzymes break down soft bivalve body
217
Q

all chordata at some point in their life-time share (4)

A
  1. notochord
  2. dorsal hollow nerve chord
  3. pharyngeal slits
  4. muscular, post-anal tail
218
Q

notochords are

A

cartilage-like flexible rod

219
Q

notochords are present in

A

chordate embryos

220
Q

notochords provide

A

skeletal support

221
Q

the dorsal hollow nerve cord develops from the

A

ectoderm

222
Q

the dorsal hollow nerve cord becomes

A

the central nervous system (brain + spinal cord)

223
Q

pharyngeal gill slits are often modified for

A

suspension feeding or gas exchange

224
Q

pharyngeal slits function to

A

connect the pharynx to outside + allow w to exit w/out entering the digestive tract

225
Q

muscular tail ending location

A

posterior to anus

226
Q

what does the muscular tail become in aquatic species?

A

a propulsive force

227
Q

what are 2 representatives of urochordate?

A
  1. tunicates

2. sea squirts

228
Q

cephalochordata

A

lancelets

229
Q

vertebrata are characterized by (4)

A
  1. cranium
  2. pronounced sephalization
  3. vertebral column
  4. closed circulatory system
230
Q

neural crest

A

a group of embryonic cells that contribute to the bones of the cranium

231
Q

what are 2 examples of agnathans (jawless vertebrates)

A

hagfish and lamprey

232
Q

how many species of hagfish are there?

A

30

233
Q

what are hagfishes cranium and notochord made of?

A

cartilage

234
Q

how many species of lamprey are there?

A

35

235
Q

lampreys are

A

ectoparasites

236
Q

when did jawed animals replace agnathans

A

360 mya

237
Q

2 major breakthroughs of fish:

A
  1. jaws enable them to grip food firmly

2. paired fins enabled them to manouver accurately

238
Q

chonrichthyes types (3)

A

sharks, rays, ratfish

239
Q

what are chondrichthyes endoskeletons made of?

A

cartilage

240
Q

how do chondrichthyes attain buoyancy?

A

oils in liver

241
Q

what happens if a shark stops moving?

A

it dies

242
Q

oviparous

A

encase eggs in a protective case and lay them externalls

243
Q

ovaviviparous

A

retain fertilized eggs in oviduct; nourished by egg yolk; live birth

244
Q

vivaparous

A

live births; nourished in uterus via placenta

245
Q

what are the 3 classes boney fish can be split into?

A

ray-finned fish, lobe-finned fish, lungfish

246
Q

what is the function of an operculum?

A
  • protective flap

- draws w over gills

247
Q

what type of boney fish may have given rise to tetrapods?

A

lobe-finned fish

248
Q

what does it mean to aestirate?

A

warm weather hibernation

249
Q

when did tetrapods move to land?

A

about 360mya

250
Q

what 2 animal types are in class amphibia?

A

salamanders and frogs

251
Q

define amphibian

A

2 lives - metamorphosis from aquatic tadpole to terrestrial adult

252
Q

what are 3 ways amphibians retain close ties with w?

A
  1. moist skin carries out gas exchange
  2. eggs lack a shell and dehydrate in air
  3. most have external fertilization
253
Q

who are in the amniotes clade?

A
  1. mammals
  2. birds
  3. reptiles
254
Q

3 adaptations amniotes made for terrestrial living

A
  1. amniotic egg
  2. wproof skin
  3. ribs to ventilate lungs
255
Q

what enables life cycles of amniotes to be entirely on land?

A

amniotic eggs (shell retains w)

256
Q

what are 3 sections of “reptiles”?

A

lepidosaurs, archosaurs, turtles

257
Q

what 2 animal types make up the lepidosaurs?

A
  1. lizards

2. snakes

258
Q

what 3 animal types make up the archosaurs?

A
  1. crocodiles
  2. dinosaurs
  3. birds
259
Q

ectotherm

A

absorb env heat

260
Q

what is one advantage of being an ectotherm?

A

10% of calories req’d by mammal of equivalent size

261
Q

endothermic

A

keep body w through metabolism

262
Q

are birds endo or ectothermic?

A

endothermic

263
Q

how are the sexes of turtles determined?

A

temp

264
Q

are crocodiles hetero or homodont?

A

homo

265
Q

what are 3 ways bird anatomy is modified to red. weight?

A
  1. 1 ovary
  2. toothless (gizzard)
  3. bones are honeycombed
266
Q

how many chambers does a birds heart have?

A

4

267
Q

what is the function of downy feathers?

A

trap air; insulation

268
Q

contour feather function

A

aerodynamic shape

269
Q

filoplume feather function (3)

A
  • maintains the position of contour feathers during flight
  • display
  • tells how the contour feathers are angled
270
Q

what did Archeopteryx have that made it resemble the modern bird (3)

A
  1. clawed forelimbs
  2. feathers
  3. tail w/ vertebrae
    + teeth
271
Q

when did adaptive radiation for mammals occur and why?

A

65 mya when the dino’s died

272
Q

what is the defining characteristic of class mammalia?

A

mammary glands + hair

273
Q

name 4 types of teeth in mammals heterodont mouths

A
  1. incisors
  2. carnivores
  3. premolars
  4. molars
274
Q

3 modern groupings of mammals

A
  1. monotremes
  2. marsupials
  3. eutherians
275
Q

monotremes

A

egg-laying mammals

276
Q

marsupials

A

pouched mammals

277
Q

eutherians

A

well-developed placental stages

278
Q

2 living examples of monotremes

A
  1. platypuses

2. echidna’s

279
Q

3 types of marsupials in Canada

A
  1. possums
  2. kangaroos
  3. koalas
280
Q

what are 7 adaptations primate made for arboreal life?

A
  1. hands/feet for grasping
  2. large brains
  3. short jaws
  4. flat nails, not claws
  5. parental care & complex social behaviour
  6. depth perception
  7. excellent hand-eye coordination
281
Q

opposable thumbs found only in

A

anthropoid primates

282
Q

who are in the prosimians?

A

lemurs, lorises, tarsiers

283
Q

who are in the anthropoids?

A

monkeys, apes, humans

284
Q

old world monkeys are both ground-dwelling and arboreal. what are new world monkeys?

A

just arboreal

285
Q

5 types of apes

A
  1. gibbons
  2. orangs
  3. gorillas
  4. chimps
  5. bonobos
286
Q

how long ago did apes diverge from old world monkeys?

A

25-30mya

287
Q

gorillas and chimps are highly

A

social

288
Q

only gibbons are orangs are

A

primarily arboreal

289
Q

how many yrs of evo did huans and apes share?

A

3.5 bill yrs (except for the last 6 mill yrs)

290
Q

how many species of primates?

A

approx. 400

291
Q

3 physical traits unique to primates

A
  1. opposable thumbs
  2. eyes on the front of face
  3. nails instead of claws
292
Q

what % diff in DNA sequence is there btwn humans and chimps?

A

1% (1 deg diff in denaturation temps)

293
Q

how long ago were we tree dwellers?

A

30-35mya

294
Q

20mya the climate became drier and the savanna habitat inc. what did this mean for the primates?

A

less arboreal life -> divergence

295
Q

diverged from a common ancestor

A

approx. 5-7mya

296
Q

4 big diffs btwn us and chimps:

A
  1. brain size triples over the past 6 mill yrs
  2. bipedal posture: hominoid ancestors walked on all 4 limbs
  3. jaw shape: ancestors had longer jaws than modern humans (+ changes in dentition)
  4. reduced size diff btwn sexes (suggests monogamy became more common)
297
Q

where did hominids originate?

A

eastern and southern africa

298
Q

what came first, bigger brain or bipedalism?

A

bipedalism

299
Q

famous Australopithecus fossil

A

lucy; found in ethiopia

300
Q

3 Australopithecus and us similarities

A
  1. bipedal
  2. human like hands and teeth
  3. chimp-sized brain
301
Q

what did homo habilis have (2)?

A
  1. stone tools

2. larger brains

302
Q

who was the first homo to migrate out of Africa?

A

homo erectus

303
Q

where did homo erectus go once they left Africa?

A

Europe and asia

304
Q

when was fire use dated to?

A

1mya

305
Q

where did Neanderthals live?

A

Europe/middle east

306
Q

2 diffs btwn humans and neanderthals

A
  1. larger brains

2. heavily built

307
Q

did Neanderthals contnribute to the human gene pool?

A

yes

308
Q

what are the 2 hypotheses for the origin of modern humans?

A
  1. multiregional hypothesis

2. out of Africa hypothesis

309
Q

multiregional hypothesis

A

modern humans evolved from local pops of homo erectus (genetic similarity a product of interbreeding)

310
Q

out of africa

A

homo sapiens evolved from a 2nd migration out of Africa which replaced all regional pops of homo’s

311
Q

which hypothesis does the genetic data support?

A

out of africa

312
Q

mitochondrial eve

A

mitochondrial DNA suggests a time of genetic divergence of 1 or 200,000yrs ago

313
Q

why is mDNA good for analysis?

A

no crossing over

314
Q

originally, Neanderthals were thought to be replaced, but now we think we

A

interbred (for Asians/Europeans)

315
Q

y chromosomes are important for genetic data because they are passed from male to male w/out

A

crossing over of the x-chromosomes

316
Q

researchers were able to infer divergence from common African ancestor

A

approx. 200,000yrs ago

317
Q

what % of genetic variation in humans occurs within a pop?

A

85%

318
Q

what % of genetic variation occurs btwn pops w/in races?

A

8%

319
Q

what % of genetic variation occurs btwn races?

A

7%

320
Q

where are the most diverse pops found?

A

Africa

Biology 1215 (7 decks)

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