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Histology - Sarah > Specialized connective tissue > Flashcards

Specialized connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: Cartilage is vascularized.

A

False, cartilage is avascular

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2
Q

Functions of cartilage

A

Support soft tissues and guide the development and growth of long bones

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3
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage

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4
Q

Location of hyaline cartilage

A

articular ends of long bones in adults, walls of respiratory system (nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi) and the ventral ends of ribs
Temporary skeleton for the fetus until replaced with bone

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5
Q

What are the components of the hyaline cartilage matrix?

A

Homogenous, amorphous ground substance with proteoglycan aggregates (containing chondroitin and keratan sulfate and hyaluronic acid) and chondronectin (glycoprotein) embedded type II collagen

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6
Q

The area adjacent to chondrocytes is called the _____ and is poor in ____ but rich in _____.

A

Territorial (capsular) matrix,
collagen,
glycosaminoglycans

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7
Q

Describe territorial matrix staining

A

It is basophilic and metachromatic and stains more intensely with PAS stain compared to interterritorial (intercapsular) matrix. (Staining is due to sulfate groups on proteoglycans)

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8
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds hyaline cartilage except at articular surfaces

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9
Q

What does the perichondrium consist of?

A

An outer fibrous layer containing type I collagen, fibroblasts and blood vessels; and an inner cellular layer containing chondrogenic cells (the source of new cartilage cells)

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10
Q

What is the function of the perichondrium?

A

It provides blood supply for the avascular cartilage

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11
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

They are mature cartilage cells

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12
Q

What is the location of chondrocytes?

A

They are embedded in lacunae in the matrix. They may occur in groups of 2-8 cells (isogenous groups) because when cells divide the cells stay in the same lacunae.

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13
Q

What is the origin or chondrocytes?

A

They arise from chondrogenic cells into chondroblasts, which produce cartilage matrix. One cells become totally surrounded by matrix, they are called chondrocytes.

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14
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes?

A

They make and maintain the cartilage matrix

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15
Q

Where is elastic cartilage located?

A

Where flexible support is required (external ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis, larynx)

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16
Q

Elastic cartilage is less prone to ____ than hyaline cartilage.

A

degeneration

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17
Q

What color is elastic cartilage? (before staining)

A

Yellow (because it contains a network of elastic fibers)

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18
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Where support and tensile strength are needed in conjunction with hyaline cartilage, other fibrous tissues, or both
Intervertebral disks, articular disks, pubic symphysis, tendon and ligament insertions, knee joint menisci

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19
Q

Fibrocartilage does not have a ____ (and the other types of cartilage do).

A

perichondrium

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20
Q

Fibrocartilage has alternating rows of fibroblast-derived ____ and thick bundles of _____. Chondrocytes may align along lines of stress.

A

chondrocytes,

type I collagen fibers

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21
Q

Functino of bone

A

Main component of adult skeleton, protects vital organs, supports fleshy structures, provides calcium reserve (~99% of body’s calcium)

22
Q

Bone is a ____ which means it constantly undergoes shape change, absorption and resorption in response to biomechanical forces.

A

dynamic tissue

23
Q

What is bone?

A

A specialized connective tissue with a calcified extracellular matrix with osteocytes embedded in the matrix

24
Q

What composes the bone matrix?

A

The organic portion of the bone matrix is made primarily of type I collagen (95%). The ground substance contains chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate. The Inorganic (calcified) potion is made of calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Minerals are 50% of the dry weight of bone and it consist primarily of hydroxyapatite crystals.

25
Q

What composes the inorganic or calcified portion of the bone matrix?

A

calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, and sodium; minerals are 50% of the dry weight of bone; primarily hydroxyapatite crystals

26
Q

What composes the organic portion of the bone matrix?

A

Type I collagen (95%) and the ground substance contains chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate

27
Q

What are the bone types?

A

Primary bone and secondary bone

28
Q

What is primary bone?

A

The first bone formed in fetal development and bone repair. It has a lower mineral content than secondary bone

29
Q

What is secondary bone?

A

It is mature or lamellar bone.

There are two types, compact bone and spongy bone.

30
Q

What are the types of secondary bone?

A

Compact and spongy

31
Q

What is compact bone?

A

The dense, outer portion of bone. It is organized with outer circumferential lamellae below the periosteum and inner circumferential lamellae adjacent to the marrow cavity. The rest of bone is organized around haversian canal systems (osteons).

32
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

A meshwork of trabeculae in the bone interior

33
Q

What is an osteon?

A

A haversian canal system

34
Q

Osteons are conected to each other by _____.

A

Volkmann’s canals

35
Q

What is bone periosteum?

A

A layer of noncalcified connective tissue covering bone on external surfaces except at synovial articulations

36
Q

What is bone periosteum composed of?

A

An outer, fibrous dense collagenous layer and an inner, cellular (osteogenic) layer.

37
Q

What attaches periosteum to the bone?

A

Sharpey’s fibers (type I collagen)

38
Q

What is the function of the periosteum?

A

To distribute blood vessels to bone

39
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

It is thin specialized connective tissue

40
Q

Where is the endosteum found?

A

It lines marrow cavities

41
Q

What is the function of the endosteum?

A

It is the source of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts for bone growth and repair

42
Q

What are some bone cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast

43
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

They can differentiate into osteoblasts, are flattened or spindle shaped, and form the inner layer of periosteum and endosteal cells that line marrow cavity.

44
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

They secrete collagen and ground substance and osteoid (unmineralized bone). They also regulate mineralization of bone. They are cuboidal or polygonal in shape and are found as a single layer in regions where bone is being formed.

45
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

They maintain the bone matrix. To a limited extent they can both synthesize and resorb matrix. They reside in lacuna. They communicate with other osteocytes and osteoblasts via processes that extend through canaliculi and gap junctions with other cells.

46
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

It is a multinucleated cell that is acidophilic. It is phagocytic like a macrophage. It actively resorbs bone. It releases lysosomes into the extracellular space

47
Q

What is Howship’s lacuna?

A

It is a depression in bone created by osteoclasts. The cell (osteoclast) seals off an area and acidifies and secrets acid hydrolases to resorb bone.

48
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

A decrease in bone mass associated with a normal ratio of mineral to matrix due to decreased bone formation, increased bone resorbtion, or both.

49
Q

When does osteoporosis occur?

A

It occurs primarily in old age because of diminished secretion of growth hormone and in immobile patients because of lack of physical stress on the bone; and in postmenopausal women because of diminished estrogen secretion

50
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

It is caused by calcium deficiency in adults and is characterized by deficient calcification of newly formed bone and decalcification of calcified bone. It may be sever in pregnancy because calcium requirements of the fetus may cause calcium losses from the mother.

51
Q

What is Rickets?

A

It is osteomalacia in children. It is primary due to Vitamin D deficiency but calcium deficiency can be a contributing factor. It is characterized by deficient calcification in newly formed bone. It is usually accompanied by deformation of bone spicules in epiphyseal plates which causes bones to grow more slowly and bone deformation.

52
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Excessive pituitary growth hormone in adults that is characterized by very thick bones in the extremeties and in parts of the facial skeleton.

Histology - Sarah (8 decks)

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