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Histology - Sarah > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of skin

A 
Thick skin,
Thin skin,
Epidermis,
Dermis,
Hypodermis,
Hair,
Nails,
Glands,
Nerves
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2
Q

Functions of skin

A

Protection (mechanical, chemical, thermal, UV, radiation, dehydration)
Thermoregulation (vascular network in dermis, sweat glands)
Sensory organ (touch, temperature, pain)
Metabolic (Vitamin D synthesis in epidermis, energy storage (fat, triglycerides, in hypodermis))
and Excretion (of excess H2O, salt, and nitrogenous metabolic wastes through sweating)

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3
Q

What does the skin protect against?

A

Damage caused by mechanical, chemical, thermal, UV, radiation, and dehydration sources

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4
Q

What controls thermoregulation?

A

The vascular network in the dermis and sweat glands

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5
Q

What does the skin excrete?

A

Excess water, salt, and nitrogenous metabolic wastes

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6
Q

What are the metabolic functions of skin?

A

Vitamin D synthesis, energy storage (fat, triglycerides, in hypodermis)

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7
Q

Thick skin characteristics and location

A

No hair follicles,

found on palms of hand and soles of feet

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8
Q

Thin skin (location, characteristics)

A

Skin other than palms and soles

Thinner epidermis than thick skin, has hair follicles with some exceptions

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9
Q

Layers of epidermis

A 
Stratum basale/Stratum germinativum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
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10
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelial cells. Cells accumulate keratin as they migrate from basal layer

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11
Q

Keratinocytes produce _____.

A

keratin

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12
Q

How long does it take for cells to mature and desquamate?

A

25-50 days

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13
Q

Stratum basale (focus on cell shape but know what the cells contain)

A

Single layer of columnar to cuboidal cells
Numerous mitotic figures in layer
Cells contain numerous intermediate filaments (10 nm tonofilaments)
Desmosomes on lateral and upper surface
Hemidesmosomes bind cells to basal lamina

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14
Q

Stratum Spinosum (focus on cell shape but know what the cells contain)

A

Cells are cuboidal, polygonal, to slightly flattened
Cell processes filled with intermediate filaments and terminate with desmosomes
Cells accumulate fibrillar protein (cytokeratin) aggregates to form tonofibrils - visible at the LM level
Mitotic figures also present in this layer

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15
Q

Stratume basale cells contain

A

desmosomes on the later and upper surface and hemidesmosomes bind cell to the basal lamina. They also contain numerous intermediate fillaments (10 nm tonofilaments)

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16
Q

Mitotic figures are present in ____.

A

Stratum basale and stratum spinosum

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17
Q

Stratum spinosum cells accumulate a protein called ____ that forms ____.

A

Cytokeratin (a fribillar protein) that aggregates to form tonofibrils

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18
Q

Stratum granulosum (focus on cell shape but know what the cells contain)

A

3-5 layers of flattened polygonal cells
Cytoplasm has basophilic keratohyaline granules
Cells also have oval or rod-like lamellar granules visible (0.1-0.3 um by TEM
-Lamellar granules (keratinosomes) formed by lipid bilayers which fuse with cell membranes and discharge contents into intercellular spaces of the stratum granulosum. The product is a glycolipid (acylglucoceramide) that serves as a penetration barrier to foreign materials and maintains hydration of the body

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19
Q

The stratum granulosum stains ____ .

A

Basophilic because the cytoplasm has keratohyaline granules

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20
Q

Lamellar granules

A

keratinosomes formed by lipid bilayers which fuse with cell membranes and discharge contents into intercellular spaces of the stratum granulosum. The product is a glycolipid (acylglucoceramide) that serves as a penetration barrier to foreign materials and maintains hydration of the body

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21
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Only in thick skin, but not evident in all thick skin
Thin layer of eosinophilic, newly keratinized cells
No organelles or nuclei evident. Cells contain eleiden - transformation product of keratohyalin - becomes keratin
Eleiden present at vermillion border of lip

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22
Q

True or false: The stratum lucidum is only found in thick skin.

A

True

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23
Q

The stratum lucidum stains ____.

A

eosinophilic/acidophilic

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24
Q

Stratum lucidum cells contain ____, which is a precursor to ___.

A

eleiden

keratin

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25
Q

Stratum corneum

A

15-20 layers of flattened non-nucleated cells filled with keratin
Dead flattened cells = squames

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26
Q

How does the skin heal?

A

Surrounding basal cells migrate and divide to cover the wound.
Retinol (vitamin A) is necessary for proper skin healing. Retinol is necessary for keratin differentiation.

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27
Q

What vitamin is required for wound healing?

A

Vitamin A or retinol

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28
Q

First degree burns extend to ___.

A

The stratum lucidum

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29
Q

Second degree burns extend down to ____.

A

Stratum basale

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30
Q

Third degree burns extend ___.

A

Into dermis

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31
Q

Filaggrin

A

protein aggregates/combines keratin filaments

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32
Q

Involucrin

A

Lipids from lamellar bodies linked to proteins in cell membrane
Small proline-rich-loricrin complex on the outside of the plasma membrane

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33
Q

In the stratum granulosum, _____ are secreted to form multilayered lipid layer on the outside of the cell membrane.

A

glycolipids

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34
Q

The glycolipids are bound to a protein complex of _____ on the outside of the plasma membrane. _____ link to the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane. (keratinocyte differentiation)

A

involucrin-small proline-rich-loricrin complex,

Keratin-filagrin aggregates

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35
Q

Melanocytes (what are they?)

A

Pigment producing cells of the stratum basale derived from the neural crest

36
Q

Location of melanocytes

A

cells rest on basal lamina and send cell processes into the stratum spinosum.

37
Q

Melanocytes distribute ____ to other cells and hair via _____, which is what form of secretion?

_____ are ____ and ____ by keratinocytes.

A

melanin,
the processes,
cytocrine secretion

Pigment granules,
exocytosed,
endocytosed

38
Q

Melanin formation occurs inside _____, which are derived from ____. The enzyme _____ is necessary for melanin synthesis.

A

Melanosomes,
golgi,
Tyrosinase

39
Q

Lack of cortisol from the adrenal cortex causes _____. This causes ____, which is called _____.

A

Overproduction of ACTH,
increased skin pigmentation,
Addison’s disease

40
Q

Alibinism

A

Melanocytes do not make melanin

Little melanin production.
Vision problems due to abnormal retina development and abnormal nerve connections between the eye and the brain

41
Q

Loss of melanocytes or depigmentation

A

vitiligo

42
Q

Vitiligo

A

Loss of melanocytes or depigmentation, patchy pigmentation, cause unknown (autoimmune? sunburn?)

43
Q

Process of melanin production

A

oxidation of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) by tyrosinase and transformation of DOPA into melanin

44
Q

Langerhan’s cells (shape and location)

A

Epithelial dendritic cells

Star-shaped cells, mainly in stratum spinosum, occasionally in dermis near blood vessels

45
Q

Langerhan’s cells are derived from ___.

A

bone marrow (macrophage lineage)

46
Q

Langerhan’s cells have ______ receptors.

A

Fc and complement C3

47
Q

Langerhan’s cells can migrate out of the ____ to ____ and present antigens to _____ and also differentiate into ______.

A

epidermis,
lymph nodes,
T cells,
activated dendritic cells

48
Q

True or false: Langerhan’s cells form desmosomal attachments to other cells.

A

False

49
Q

Vermiform granules

A

Or birbeck granules. Unique membrane-bound, rod-like to racquet shaped granules that contain proteins (langerin=CD207) necessary for antigen uptake

50
Q

Merkel’s cells (what, location)

A

Tactile epithelial cell, primarily in thick skin of soles and palms, but also found in lips and tongue

51
Q

There are _____ in the cytoplasm of merkel’s cells that may be related to ________ of neurosecretory cells.

A

small dense granules,

catecholamine containing granules

52
Q

The base of Merkel’s cells are in contact with _____.

A

the peripheral neuron terminal

53
Q

Merkel’s cells are involved in ____. (sense)

A

two-point touch discrimination

54
Q

Merkel cell carcinoma

A

rare but agressive and may be associated with polyoma virus

55
Q

The dermis is composed of ____ and supports the ___ and binds it to the ____.

A

connective tissue,
epidermis,
subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis

56
Q

The surface of the dermis interdigitates with the epidermis via _____.

A

dermal papillae

57
Q

The epidermal counterpart to dermal papillae is ____.

A

epidermal ridges or rete ridges

58
Q

_____ extend from the _____ and terminate in _____ to bind the dermis to the epidermis.

A

Anchoring fibrils,
basal lamina,
anchoring plaques

59
Q

Papillary layer of dermis contains

A

outermost layer of loose connective tissue. Fibroblasts, mast cells, and macrophages may be present

60
Q

layers of dermis

A

papillary and reticular

61
Q

The reticular layer of the dermis is composed of ______ and is ____ than the papillary layer.

A

dense irregular connective tissue,

thicker

62
Q

Things in the dermis

A

follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerves, extensive capillary network (in the papillary layer)(that has a role in thermoregulation)

63
Q

Hypodermis (what is it, what’s in it?)

A 
Deeper continuation of the dermis, primarily CT and adipose tissue
Pacinian corpuscles (pressure/vibration sensors) found near dermis-hypodermis junction
64
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

A pressure/vibration sensor found near the dermis-hypodermis junction

65
Q

Hair follicle

A

invagination of epidermis, terminates in hair bulb. Dermal papilla projects into hair bulb. Epidermal cells covering the dermal papilla form the hair root that produces and is continuous with the hair shaft

66
Q

The hair medulla is formed by ____.

A

Cells at the apex of the dermal papilla (that is in the hair bulb) produce large, vacuolated, moderately keratinized cells.

67
Q

Other cells around the papilla differentiate into fusiform, heavily keratinized cells that form the ____. Cells more peripheral in the root produce the ____. Most peripheral root cells produce the internal and external ____.

A

Hair cortex,
Hair cuticle,
Root sheath

68
Q

The hair follicle is separated from the dermis by a thickened basal lamina called the ____.

A

Glassy membrane

69
Q

Arrector pili muscles

A

Smooth muscle bundles extending from dermis papillary layer to hair follicle connective tissue sheath

70
Q

Sebum

A

dead cell and the cell contents

71
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Not found on palms and soles. Holocrine secretion. About 100 glands/cm2 and 400-600 glands/cm2 on face and scalp.

72
Q

Description of sebaceous gland secretion

A

Holocrine secretion, acini = basal layer of undifferentiated flattened epithelial cells on basal lamina. As cells proliferate and differentiate, gland acini fills with cells containing fat droplets and nuclei become pyknotic. Cells burst and release contents.

73
Q

Sudoriferous sweat glands

A

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands - simple coiled tubular gland - duct opens onto skin surface. Receive cholinergic nerve fibers
Secretory portion of gland deep in dermis

74
Q

Sudoriferous sweat glands contain

A 
myoepithelial cells (contractile), dark cells (pyrimidal cells), and clear cells (devoid of secretory granules, but have abundant glycogen)
Non-viscuous secretion - little protein, contains water, NaCl, urea, ammonia, and uric acid (ultrafiltrate of plasma)
75
Q

Dark cells secrete ____. Clear cells secrete ____ and ____ into _______.

A

glycoproteins,
H2O,
electrolytes,
intercellular canaliculi

76
Q

Apocrine gland (location, where ducts open, innervation, mechanism)

A

Present in axillary, areolar and anal regions. Ducts open into hair follicles. Contains only one kind of secretory cell. Produce viscous protein containing secretion. Receive adrenergic nerve fibers. Apocrine sweat glands have a merocrine mechanism of secretion.

77
Q

Nails (what? where?)

A

Plates of keratinized epithelial cells. Nail root embedded in fold of skin. The stratum corneum of the epithelium over the nail root forms the eponychium (cuticle). The nail matrix extends from the nail root to the lunula (white crescent and the base of the nail). The nail plate rests on a bed of epidermis called the nail bed which contains only a stratum basale and stratum spinosum.

78
Q

Cuticle

A

eponychium

79
Q

The ____ rests on a bed of epidermis called the nail bed, which contains only a _____.

A

nail plate,

stratum basale and stratum spinosum

80
Q

The ____ of the epithelium over the nail root forms the ____.

A

stratum corneum,

eponychium or cuticle

81
Q

White crescent at the base of the nail

A

lunula

82
Q

Liver spots

A

A freckle (lintigo) due to being in the sun (older individuals)

83
Q

Actinic keratosis

A

Precancerous condition. Thick, scaly patches of skin.

84
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

(~90% of all skin cancers) Slow growing and treatable if found early

85
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Often develop from sun damaged areas (actinic keratosis due to sun damage)

86
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

derived from melanocytes

87
Q

Psoriasis

A

Immune-mediated, genetic disease. Red scaly patches of skin due to inflammation and hyperplasia. Individuals often have joint problems (psoriatic arthritis)

Histology - Sarah (8 decks)

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