Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology - Sarah > Ciculatory System > Flashcards

Ciculatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Component of circulatory system

A

heart, blood vessels, lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Components of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

small vessels branching off of large vessels

A

vasa vasorum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or false: Arteries have more vaso vasorum

A

False. Veins have more vaso vasorum. (I assume veins are being compared to arteries on this slide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or false: Vaso vasorum branch though the tunica adventitia and outer part of the tunica media.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lymphatic vessels and nerves in the tunica adventitia or larger vessels

A

nervi vascularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tunica intima

A

endothelium and underlying subendothelial connective tissue. Includes internal elastic lamina in larger vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tunica media

A

primarily smooth muscle cells and also external elastic lamina where present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

fibroelastic connective tissue (dense irregular CT with small amounts of elastic fibers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Classification of arteries

A

large/elastic, medium/muscular, and small/arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Elastic arteries

Examples?

A

(Conducting arteries)Conduct blood to muscular arteries.

Aorta, pulmonary, brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, and common iliac arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Elastic fibers of _____ form an _____. It is a subendothelial layer of _____ that contains ____ and elastic fibers and ___.

A 
tunica intima,
incomplete internal elastic lamina,
loose connective tissue,
collagen, fibroblasts
(Slide is not easy to understand)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

There is a ___ layer of ____ _______ elastic sheets in the tunica media of large arteries.

A

thick,
40-70,
concentric
(Slide was not easy to understand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In large arteries, the tunica adventitia is ___ with elastic and collagen fibers.

A

Thin. (slide kind of hard to understand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Muscular arteries (function)

A

Deliver blood to organs (Distributing) (0.5mm-1cm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Muscular arteries have a tunica intima that is ___ than that of elastic arteries with a well-developed _______. Subendothelial connective tissue lacks _____.

A

thinner,
internal elastic lamina,
smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The tunica media of muscular arteries has up to 40 circular layers of ____ interspersed with _____.

A

smooth muscle,

elastic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In muscular arteries, there is a _________ at the edge of the tunica media. Tunica adventitia may be ____ thick as tunica media, with ____ and elastic fibers.

A

thick external elastic lamina,
as,
collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Size of arterioles

A

less than 0.5 mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you identify arterioles from conducting or muscular arteries?

A

Arterioles are much smaller. They have very sparse subendothelial connective tissue. The internal elastic lamina may or may not be present and consists of a network of fibers that may or may not be visible with LM (can be seen using PAS). The tunica media has 1-3 layers of smooth muscle with occasionaly elastic fibers. The tunica adventitia is a layer of loose connective tissue with longitudinally arranged collagenous and elastic fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Size of capillaries

A

7-10 micrometers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Capillaries have a single layer of _____. They are surrounded by a thin sheath of ____ and ____ fibers and some ____ (mesenchymal-like stem cells). In wound healing, ____ may differentiate into fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells.

A

endothelial cells,
reticular, collagenous,
pericytes,
pericytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Continuous (somatic) capillary

A

Continuous epithelium and basal lamina, no fenestrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where are continuous capillaries located?

A

In muscle, connective tissue, CNS, exocrine pancreas, and gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Continuous capillaries have numerous _____ for transcytosis.

A

pinocytotic vessicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In the CNS, continuous capillaries have a type of ______ (occluding junction) that contributes to the _____.

A

tight junction,

blood-brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are types of capillaries?

A

Continuous, Fenestrated, and Discontinuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Fenestrated (visceral) capillaries have an _____ endothelium with large 60-80nm ____, closed by thin (4-6nm) _____.

A

attenuated (very thin),
fenestrae,
diaphragms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Location of fenestrated capillaries

A

mucosa of GI tract, endocrine glands, renal glomerular and peritubular capillaries, choroid plexus, and ciliary body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

True or false: Fenestrated endothelium in the glomerular capillaries have no diaphragms.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

True or false: Fenestrated endothelium in the ciliary body have no diaphragms.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where are discontinuous capillaries found?

A

in the liver and hemapoietic organs (bone, marrow, spleen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Discontinuous capillaries are ____ (30-50um), with ___, tortuous walls, ______ between cells, and an _____ basal lamina.

A

large,
irregular,
wide gaps,
incomplete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Types of veins

A

postcapillary venules, venules, muscular venules, large veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

_____ receive blood from capillaries. They have an ____ layer of ____ that becomes more ____ as the vessel gets larger.

A

Postcapillary veins,
incomplete,
pericytes,
complete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Postcapillary venules are an important site of ___.

A

activity in inflammation
(They have vasoactive compounds - histamine and serotonin - that affect fluid extraversion and migration of white blood cells.) (12-50um)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

In postcapillary vessels, vasoactive compounds ____ and ____ affect fluid extraversion and migration of white blood cells

A

histamine and serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Function of veins

A

return blood to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Venules are 12__-1__ in diameter. There is a _____ of endothelial cells. The tunica media is composed of 1-2 layers of _____ and the tunica adventitia has several layers of _____.

A

um, mm
tunica intima,
smooth muscle
collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

True or false: Muscular venules have no pericytes.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The _____ of small to medium sized veins may have a thin subendothelial connective tissue layer.

A

tunica intima

42
Q

The tunica media of small to medium sized veins has some ___ and ___ fibers interspersed with _____.

A

reticular,
elastic,
smooth muscle cells

43
Q

Small to medium sized veins have a _____ tunica adventitia. It has multiple layers of _____ with a few smooth muscle cells and _____.

A

well-developed,
collagenous fibers,
elastic fibers

44
Q

Examples of large veins

A

inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, portal trunk

45
Q

Large veins have a tunica intima with a ____, a ___ tunica media, and a ___ tunica adventitia with collagenous fibers and _____ arranged _____.

A 
thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue,
thin,
thick,
longitudinally,
smooth muscle cells
46
Q

Small to medium size veins may have ____ to prevent ____ blood flow (primarily in ____ limbs). These are paired, ____ of the intima covered with _____.

A 
valves,
retrograde,
lower,
semilunar folds,
endothelium
47
Q

Connections primarily between arterioles and venules

A

arteriovenuous anastamoses

48
Q

At the ______, there is a specialized tunica media with a sphincter

A

anastimosis (between arterioles and venules)

49
Q

When the arteriovenous sphincter/shunt is close, ______ blood flows _____. When the shunt is open, blood bypasses the _____ and flows _____.

A

arterial,
into the capillary bed,
capillary bed,
into a vein

50
Q

Some microvascular beds have a _____ which controls the amount of blood flowing into the capillary

A

precapillary sphincter

51
Q

Things that blood vessels transport

A

plasma proteins, fluid, enzymes, lipids, antibodies, hormones, and other macromolecules

52
Q

Fluid is scavenged by the ____, filtered by ____, and recycled back into the _____ at the base of the ____.

A

lymphatic system,
lymph nodes,
venous circulation,
neck

53
Q

____ in the intestine are an important route of fat absorption

A

lacteals

54
Q

Lymphatic vessels are _____ lined vessels. Lymph flows in ____ direction(s): _____________.

A

endothelial,
one,
towards the base of the neck

55
Q

Lymphatic vessels originate in _____ as ______.

A

connective tissue,

anastamosing capillaries

56
Q

Lymphatic capillaries have no ______.

A

basal lamina

57
Q

Size of lymph vessels

A

10-50 um in diameter

58
Q

According to the slide, where is lymph not present?

A

Bone marrow and CNS

59
Q

In smaller lymphatic vessels, ______ attached to _____ hold the vessel open.

A

fine anchoring filaments,

perivascular collagen

60
Q

Larger lymphatic vessels have an ____, ____, and ____, like blood vessels, but these may be difficult to discern at the light microscopic level.

A

intima, media, adventitia

61
Q

Name two lymphatic vessels

A

right lymphatic duct and main thoracic duct

62
Q

True or false: Smooth muscle is present in the right lymphatic duct and main thoracic duct.

A

True

63
Q

Skeletal muscle has lymphatics only in _____.

A

perimysium

64
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

foam cell (lipid laden macrophage) formation and fatty deposits in intima - may block vessel

65
Q

Restenosis

A

Smooth muscle cell proliferation that follows angioplasty procedure. May occlude vessel.

66
Q

Aneurysm

A

ballooning out of artery - weakness in arterial wall. Atherosclerosis, syphilis, connective tissue disorders (marfan’s syndrom, ehlers-danlos syndrome)

67
Q

Varicose veins

A

tortuous, dilated veins, primarily in the legs of older persons. Caused by decrease in muscle tone and failure of venous valves

68
Q

Describe atheroma formation

A
  1. hypercholesterolemia damaged endothelium LDL infiltrates extracellular space.
  2. Lipids taken up by macrophages in the tunica intima; fibroblasts proliferate in subendothelial space.
  3. Macrophages release cytokines that recruit inflammatory cells and also stimulate the production of collagen.
  4. Smooth muscle cells proliferate and deposit collagen. Compressed cells in tunica media atrophy.
  5. This leads to the formation of fibrin-platelet thrombus and ultimately to blockage.
  6. Collagen production by smooth muscle cells replaces other smooth muscle
69
Q

Prostacyclin

A

Produced from arachidonic acid by entothelial cells. Inhibits platelet adhesion and clot formaion

70
Q

Nitric oxide

A

Causes smooth muscle in the tunica media to relax (which leads to vasodilation).

71
Q

Endothelin-1

A

A vasoconstrictor

72
Q

Cytokines

A

Released by macrophages, they induce expression of E-selectin by endothelial cells. (TNF-alpha and IL-1 are examples of cytokines)

73
Q

Neutrophils bind to ____ and then extravasate by migration through the endothelium.

A

selectins

74
Q

True or false: The mother’s circulatory system is continuous with the fetus’s.

A

False (no blood is exchanged, only materials carried in the blood)

75
Q

Exchange between mother and fetus occurs at the interface where the ___ fuses with the uterine walls (placenta). The fetal side (syntrophoblast) consist of an outer layer of ____-______.

A

umbilical cord,
multinucleated,
syncytiotrophoblasts

76
Q

Layers of heart

A

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

77
Q

Pathway of blood away from heart (left ventricle) and back

A

aorta -> arteries -> arterioles ->capillaries -> venules -> veins -> vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lung capillary bed -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta

78
Q

The endocardium is lined by ____ that is continuous with blood vessels that enter and leave the heart. The heart has a ______ of fine collagenous fibers, a thin layer of dense __________ and then a subendocardial layer of ______ connected to the myocardium.

A

endothelium,
subendothelial layer,
fibroelastic connective tissue,
loose connective tissue

79
Q

The _______ contains blood vessels, nerves, and portions of the impulse-conducting system (purjinke fibers).

A

Subendocardial CT

80
Q

The subendocarial CT contains ________.

A

blood vessels, nerves, and Purjinke fibers

81
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

82
Q

The myocardium is arranged into ____.

A

deep and superficial layers: The deep fibers have a circular course, the superficial layers has a spiral course around the ventricle

83
Q

Epicardium

A

Outermost coat of the epicardium formed by mesothelial cells,

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium

84
Q

Underneath the ____ is a subpericardial layer of _____ and ____ that contains ____.

A

mesothelium (of the epicardium)
loose connective tissue,
adipose tissue,
coronary blood vessels and nerves

85
Q

Skeleton of the heart composed of ______

A

dense irregular connective tissue

86
Q

Fibrous portion of the interventricular septum

A

septum membranaceum

87
Q

Fibrous rings around the origins of the pulmonary artery, aorta, and atrioventricular canals

A

annuli fibrosi

88
Q

Annuli fibrosi

A

Fibrous rings around the origins of the pulmonary artery, aorta, and atrioventricular canals

89
Q

Fibrous tissue between the arterial foramina and the atrioventricular canals

A

trigona fibrosa

90
Q

trigona fibrosa

A

fibrous tissue between the arterial foramina and the atrioventricular canals

91
Q

Annuli around atrioventricular orifices results in _____ between myocardial cells of atria and ventricles. This controls communication between them via ______.

A 
electrical discontinuity,
AV bundles (specialized conduction tissue)
92
Q

SA node

A

fires action potentials that spread through the atria

Pacemaker of the heart, contains modified cardiac muscle cells concentrically arranged around a nodal artery. Impulse spreads from this node via specialized conduction fibers to the AV node.

93
Q

AV node

A

fires action potentials that spread through the ventricles (along conducting fibers/Purjinke fibers)

Lies beneath the endocardium of the septal wall of the right atrium. Cells similar to those in sinoatrial node. This node continues to form a common stem (The AV bundle of His)

94
Q

Valves have both ____ and ____ surrounded by ____.

A

dense and loose connective tissue layers,

endothelium

95
Q

Valves (types and names)

A

Atrioventricular valves - tricuspid and mitral, connected to papillary muscles of the ventricles by chordae tendinae

Semilunar valves -between ventricle and aorta or ventricle and pulmonary artery

96
Q

AV bundle of His

A

Formed by purjinke fibers (cardiac conduction fibers) They penetrate the skeleton and then branch to form right and left bundle branches

97
Q

Purjinke fibers (composition)

A

made of modified muscle cells, filled with glycogen

98
Q

Purjinke fibers course

A

Purjinke fibers travel in the subendocardial layer to the heart apex, then reverse direction and branch to make contact and form gap junctions with cardiac muscle cells

99
Q

What nerves innervate the heart

A

Parasympathetic (from VAGUS to sinoatrial node) slow the heart
Sympathetic nerves accelerate heartbeat

100
Q

Atrial cardiac muscle cells and some cells in the interventricular septum (myoendocrine cells) are the source of ______.

A

polypeptide hormones

101
Q

The ANP gene makes _______.

A

A long acting natriuretic (sodium) peptide, vessel dilator, kaliuretic (potassium) peptide, and ANP (atrial natriuretic protein)

102
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide

A

Released from modified atrial muscle cells in response to high blood pressure. Primary effect is to increase sodium and H2O secretion from kidney.

Histology - Sarah (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions