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Histology - Sarah > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of respiratory system

A

Conducting portion and respiratory portion

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2
Q

Function of conducting portion

A

Delivers air to lungs

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3
Q

Function of respiratory portion

A

Structures within lungs where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood

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4
Q

Parts of the conducting portion

A

nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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5
Q

Function of conducting portion

A

warms, moistens, and filters the air

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6
Q

Nasal cavity parts

A

vestibule, olfactory segment, respiratory segment

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7
Q

nostril openings

A

nares (outer portion, thin skin)

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8
Q

First internal nasal cavity

A

vestibule

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9
Q

Vestibule

A

First internal nasal cavity. Lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Lining changes to pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium posteriorly. Contains vibrissae (short hairs) to filter out large particles. Vascular lamina propria contains seromucous glands

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10
Q

Short hairs in the vestibule

A

vibrissae

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11
Q

olfactory epithelium location

A

located in roof of nasal cavity on sides of the nasal septum and on the superior nasal conchae
very small region in humans

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12
Q

What epithelium layer is present in the olfactory epithelium and what cells are present?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium contains olfactory cells, supporting (sustentacular) cells, and basal cells

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13
Q

What is present in the lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium?

A

many vains and nonmyelinated nerves and Bowman’s glands

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14
Q

Olfactory cells

A

bipolar nerve cells; 30-60 day life span; bulbous apical projection (olfactory vesicle) with modified cilia

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15
Q

Olfactory cilia

A

very long, nonmotile cilia, extend over the olfactory epithelium surface. The proximal 1/3 contains the 9 doublet +2 microtubule pattern, but the distal 2/3 has 9 peripheral singlet microtubules around a central pair. They function as odor receptors

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16
Q

Supporting cells

A

Sustentacular cells - have apically located nuclei with many microvilli and a prominent terminal web. Physical and metabolic support to olfactory cells

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17
Q

Basal cells

A

in contact with basal lamina - do not extend to surface. Incomplete cell layer. Regenerative (stem) cell for other cells in olfactory epithelium

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18
Q

Bowman’s glands

A

produces thin, watery secretion. Released onto the olfactory epithelium via ducts.

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19
Q

1) Odorous substances are dissolved in secretions detected by ____.

A

olfactory cilia

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20
Q

2) _____ flush surface and prepare the odor receptors to receive new stimuli.

A

Secretions

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21
Q

Nasopharynx

A

posterior continuation of the nasal cavities
Becomes the oropharynx at the level of the soft palate
Lined by respiratory epithelium
Contains mucous and serous glands in the lamina propria, and abundant lymphoid tissue - includes nasopharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

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22
Q

Larynx

A

Connects pharynx with trachea.
Wall supported by hyaline cartilages (thyroid, cricoid, and lower part of arytenoids) and elastic cartillages (epiglottis, corniculate, and tips or arytenoids)
Contains striated muscle, connective tissue, and glands within its wall

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23
Q

Vocal cords

A

Consist of skeletal muscle (vocalis), vocal ligament (band of elastic fibers) and a covering of stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

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24
Q

Vestibular folds

A

Lie superior to vocal cords. Folds of loose connective tissue containing glands, lymphoid aggregations, and fat cells. Covered by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

25
Q

Respiratory system parts:

A 
Trachea,
Extrapulmonary bronchi,
Intrapulmonary bronchi,
Secondary bronchi,
Tertiary bronchi,
Bronchioles,
Terminal bronchioles,
Respiratory bronchioles,
Alveolar duct,
Alveolar sac,
Alveolus
26
Q

Trachea

A

Walls supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilages. Open ends face posteriorly. Smooth muscle (trachealis) extends between the open ends of these cartilages. Has dense fibroelastic connective tissue between adjacent C-rings. Permits trachea elongation during inhalation

27
Q

smooth muscle of trachea

A

trachealis

28
Q

skeletal muscle in vocal cords

A

vocalis

29
Q

Trachea layers

A

mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria), submucosa, cartilage, and adventitia

30
Q

The lamina propria ends and the submucosa begins with a poorly defined _____. (trachea)

A

Elastic membrane

31
Q

Tracheal epithelium

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Ciliated, mucous, brush cells, small granule cells, and basal cells

32
Q

Brush cell

A

columnar cell with blunt microvilli on surface. Basal portion may be in contact with afferent nerve ending - function as receptor cell

33
Q

Small granule cell

A

Similar in size and location to basal cells. Contains dense granules - catecholamine or other polypeptide hormones. These cells are members of the diffuse endocrine system (APUD-amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation). Also known as bronchial cells of Kulchitsky

34
Q

Basal cell

A

Reserve stem cell for epithelium

35
Q

Primary bronchi

A

2 primary bronchi, one for each lung.
Structurally similar to trachea, but cartilage rings and spiral bands of smooth muscle completely encircle bronchi
Right primary bronchus path more vertical than left - foreign objects more likely to lodge in right side if they reach bronchus.

36
Q

Intrapulmonary bronchi

A

Arise from subdivisions of primary bronchi. Divide many times. Gives rise to secondary (lobar) and tertiary (segmental) bronchi. Irregular cartilage plates in their walls. Lined by respiratory epithelium. Contain spiraling smooth muscle bundles - separates lamina propria from the submucosa - seromucous glands present

37
Q

Bronchi layers

A

mucosa (similar to trachea), muscularis (smooth muscle layer), submucosa, cartilage layer, adventitia

38
Q

Primary bronchioles

A

Lack glands in submucosa, walls have smooth muscle rather than cartilage plates.
Diameter of 1 mm or less. Epithelium varies from ciliated columnar with goblet cells in the larger airways to ciliated columnar with Clara cells in the smaller passages.
Divide to form several terminal bronchioles after entering the pulmonary lobules

39
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

Lack glands in submucosa. Walls contain smooth muscle - no cartilage plates. Most distal part - conducting portion of the respiratory system. Diameter less than 0.5 mm. Simple cuboidal epithelium - contains mostly Clara cells, some ciliated cells, and no goblet cells

40
Q

Clara cells

A

dome-shaped apical surface - no cilia. Cells can divide. Secrete glycosaminoglycans (protect bronchiolar lining?), and metabolize airborne toxins - cytochrome P-450 enzymes present in the smooth ER

41
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

Transition to respiratory portion of lung
Simple cuboidal lining - Clara cells and some ciliated cells proximally and primarily clara cells distally. Occasionally brush cells and dense-core granule cells
Bronchiole walls interrupted by alveoli

42
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

Passageway leads from the respiratory bronchioles. Walls consist of adjacent alveoli separated from one another by an interalveolar septum
Most distal portion of the respiratory system to contain smooth muscle - present in the walls at the openings of adjacent alveoli.
Lined by a simple squamous epithelium consisting of type I and type II pneumocytes.

43
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

Outpouchings of numerous alveoli located at distal end of the alveolar duct

44
Q

Alveoli

A

Site of oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion between air and the blood,
Pouch-like evaginations (about 200 um diameter) in respiratory bronchiole walls, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs
Have elastic fibers at openings and many reticular fibers in the walls
Separated from each other by ineralveolar septa - may contain 1 or more alveolar pores (for pressure equalization between alveoli)
Lined by a simple squamous epithelium of type I and type II pneumocytes

45
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A

Cover 95% of alveolar surface.
Cytoplasm may be less than 80 nm in thickness.
Form tight junctions with adjacent cells.
Not able to divide

46
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A

Cuboidal shape, usually found near septal intersections
Apical cytoplasm contains short microvilli
Form tight junctions with adjacent cells
Contain cytoplasmic lamellar bodies which is a storage inclusion for pulmonary surfactant - lowers alveolar surface tension
Can divide and regenerate both types of alveolar pneumocytes
Also called type II alveolar cells, great alveolar cells, granular pneumocytes, and septal cells.

47
Q

Interalveolar septum

A

Partition between two adjacent alveoli.
Outer surfaces of alveoli covered by simple squamous epithelium (type I pneumocytes)
Thicker regions contain many elastic and reticular fibers
Contains continuous capillaries in its central (interior) region
Accomodates the blood-gas barrier, which separates the alveolar airspace from the capillary lumen

48
Q

Blood-gas barrier

A

Thinnest regions are 0.2 um or less in thickness
Type I pneumocyte and surfactant layer
Fused basal lamina of pneumocytes and capillary endothelial cells
Endothelium of continuous capillaries

49
Q

Pulmonary surfactant

A

Surfactant functions to reduce alveolar surface tension - permits easy alveolar expansion and prevents alveolar collapse during expiration
(SP-A; hydrophilic glycoprotein, SP-B, SP-C; hydrophobic glycoproteins), a phospholipid called DPPC (dipalmitoyl-phospholipidcholine), plus cholesterol

50
Q

Lung macrophages

A

In normal conditions, 70-85% of the cells in the airways are alveolar macrophages (dust cells) - phagocytic - clean up debris, bacteria, etc.
Macrophages also found in interstitial septal connective tissue and can move from septa to alveoli and back.

51
Q

Inflammatory conditions will result in an increase in number and activation for _______.

A

Both types of macrophage

52
Q

Hyaline membrane disease

A

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
not the same as ARDS
Observed in premature infants
Lack of adequate amounts of pulmonary surfactant (made by type II cells after 35th week of gestation)
Characterized by labored breathing due to difficulty expanding the alveoli - because of high alveolar surface tension
Can be treated if detected before birth, administer glucocorticoids - induce surfactant synthesis

53
Q

Emphysema

A

Destruction of respiratory bronchioles in smokers (centriacinar) and respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar walls in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (panacinar). Formation of cyst like sacs - reduce gas exchange surface area
Decreased lung elasticity - lungs can’t recoil adequately during expiration. Lungs eventually expand and enlarge the thoracic cavity (“Barrel chest”)
Associated - cigarette smoking and/or substances that inhibit alpha1-antitrypsin (protein that protects lungs from elastase produced by neutrophils)
Can be hereditary - result from defective alpha-1-antitrypsin produced by liver. Possibility for gene therapy treatment with recombinant alpha1-antitrypsin

54
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Fluid leaks into interstitial tissue and alveoli. May be due to 1) Left ventricle dysfunction (cardiogenic) that causes dilation of pulmonary capillaries and increase in hydrostatic pressure. 2) Destruction of endothelial lining due to bacteria (endotoxin), trauma, or other agents (water-near drowning, chemical agents)

55
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

.

56
Q

Asthma

A

Constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle. Associated with difficult air expiration, mucus accumulation in airways, & inflammatory cell infiltration. Often progressive & associated with allergic reactions. (allergen causes mast cell degranulation, release of histamine & other substances).
Treated with epinephrine & isoproterenol or other bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxants.

57
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

defective chloride ion channel prevents movement of chloride (out of the cell), mucus is thick, traps bacteria

58
Q

Lung pleura

A

Visceral layer of pleura consists of thin mesothelial layer attached to lung. This layer “seals” the lung. Under mesothelium is connective tissue layer with blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. Parietal pleura lines the lung cavity.

59
Q

Disorders of the pleura

A

hydrothorax (fluid in the pleural cavity)

pneumothorax (air in the pleural cavity)

Histology - Sarah (8 decks)

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