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Histology - Sarah > Osteochondrogenesis > Flashcards

Osteochondrogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Methods of bone histogenesis

A

intramembranous and endochondral bone formation

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2
Q

bone remodeling

A

the combination of bone formation and resorbtion

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3
Q

True or false: Bone remodeling occurs throughout life.

A

True

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4
Q

True or false: Remodeling occurs more slowly in primary bone than secondary bone

A

False

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5
Q

Bone is a buffer for ____.

A

calcium

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6
Q

Calcium concentration is determined by ____.

A

The rate at which calcium leaves and enters bone.

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7
Q

_____ form an erosion tunnel, and after about two weeks they undergo _____, and _____ start formation of new _____. (Remodeling)

A

Osteoclasts, apoptosis, osteoblasts, osteon

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8
Q

Remodeling occurs inside ____ bone and ____.

A

compact, bone surfaces

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9
Q

When new bone is laid down on an eroding surface, a thin layer of ______ is first produced. This layer is called _____.

A

cementing substance, a cementing or reversing line

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10
Q

The cementing line is _____ and has little ____.

A

highly mineralized, collagen

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11
Q

About ____% of bone turns over per year in adults.

A

10

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12
Q

Osteoclasts come from ____ .

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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13
Q

Osteoblasts come from _____.

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

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14
Q

Signaling from _____ or ____ act on hematopoietic stem cells to form _____.

A

osteoblast precursors, lining cells, osteoclasts

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15
Q

After a period of resorption, _____ then lay down bone, and some will be trapped to become _____.

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes

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16
Q

Flat bone formation occurs in highly _____ _____ .

A

vascular, mesenchymal tissue

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17
Q

Flat bone examples

A

skull, facial bones, mandible, clavicle, pelvis

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18
Q

Regulators of flat bone formation

A

patterning signals from polypeptides of Wnt, hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor, and transforming growth factor beta families

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19
Q

Mesenchymal cells condense into _________, differentiate into ____ and begin secreting ______ . (In flat bone formation)

A

primary ossification centers, osteoblasts, osteoid collagen

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20
Q

osteoid collagen

A

collagen with randomly oriented collagen fibrils

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21
Q

In flat bone formation, the first bone formed is called

A

woven bone

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22
Q

With _____, osteoblasts trapped in the matrix become ____. Small spicules of developing bone unite to form ____. (In flat bone formation)

A

calcification, osteocytes, trabeculae

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23
Q

Fusion of bony _____ produces ____ bone. Blood vessels invade and other undifferentiated _____ cells give rise to bone marrow. (In flat bone formation)

A

trabeculae, spongy, mesenchymal

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24
Q

Areas of mesenchymal tissues that do not ossify differentiate into ___ and ____. (In flat bone formation)

A

periosteum, endosteum

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25
Q

Woven bone initially formed from ________ will convert to _____ bone in the ____ layers. The ____ layers remains as spongy bone (diploe). (In flat bone formation)

A

irregular osteoid collagen matrix, lamellar, outer, inner

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26
Q

Name the structures shown from left to right

A

mesenchyme,

collagen,

osteoid,

osteoblasts,

trabeculae,

osteocytes

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27
Q

Label

A

1) trabeculae
2) Developing flat bone
3) osteoblasts
4) Primary Ossification Center

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28
Q

Endochondral bone formation

A

Long bone formation

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29
Q

______ serves as a small model for the bone and as a scaffold for bone development. (Endochondral bone formation)

A

Hyaline cartilage

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30
Q

Endochondral bone formation occurs in ___ stages: Development of ____ and ____. (Endochondral bone formation)

A

2,

primary (centers of ossification) and secondary centers of ossification

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31
Q

The primary center of ossification develops at the ______ of the _____ of the _______. (Endochondral bone formation)

A

midriff,

diaphysis,

cartilaginous model

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32
Q

_____ of perichondrium at the site transforms _______ to _____. They then differentiate into osteoblasts. Perichondrium is now called the _____. (Endochondral bone formation)

A

Vascularization,

chondrogenic cells,

osteoprogenitor cells,

periosteum

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33
Q

Osteoblasts produce the ______ (deep to the periosteum) on the surface of the _____ model by intramembranous bone formation. (Endochondral bone formation)

A

subperiosteal bone collar,

cartilaginous

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34
Q

The chondrocytes in the subperiosteal bone collar region become ____ and secrete ___ and ____. The _____ begins to calcify. (Endochondral bone formation)

A

hypertrophic,

collagen X,

vascular endothelial growth factor

cartilage matrix

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35
Q

The _____ inhibits nutrient diffusion and hypertrophied ____ die. _____ become confluent forming a primitive marrow cavity. (Endochondral bone formation)

A

calcified cartilage matrix,

chondrocytes,

lacunae

36
Q

____ create perforations in the bone collar. This permits ___ to enter the primitive marrow cavity in the C-model. ____ in the walls of these spaces then becomes calcified.

A

Osteoclasts,

periosteal buds (blood vessels, osteoprogenitor cells and mesenchymal cells),

Cartilage

37
Q

What is contained in periosteal buds?

A

Blood vessels, osteoprogenitor cells and mesenchymal cells

38
Q

Osteoid

A

Bone matrix

39
Q

______ is made and calcified on the surface of calcified cartilage and forms a ____. (Endochondral bone formation)(primary ossification center)

A

bone matrix,

calcified cartilage-calcified bone complex

40
Q

Calcified cartilage stains ___.

A

basophilic

41
Q

Calcified bone stains ____.

A

acdiophilic

42
Q

Subperiosteal bone collar thickens and elongates toward the _____. (Endochondral bone formation)

A

epiphyses

43
Q

____ begin to reabsorb the calcified cartilage-calcified bone complex. This enlarges the primitive _____. (Endochondral bone formation)

A

Osteoclasts,

marrow cavity

44
Q

This is a picture of ___.

A

A primary ossification center

45
Q

What is labeled with the black line?

A

A growth plate

46
Q

Where do secondary centers of ossification occur?

A

They develop at epiphyses after diaphyseal ossification centers are well established

47
Q

When do secondary centers of ossification form?

A

(After diaphyseal ossification centers are well established) When osteoprogenitor cells invade the epiphyses and differentiate into osteoblasts

48
Q

When the epiphyses are filled with bone tissue, cartillage is found in _____.

A

(Two areas)

articular surfaces and the epiphyseal plates

49
Q

True or false: In secondary centers of ossification, articular cartilage contributes to bone formation.

A

False

50
Q

Diaphyseal and epiphyseal bone become continous at about _____ of age. This connects the two epiphyseal ____.

A

20 years,

marrow cavities

51
Q

_____ plates continues to grow. New cartilage is added to the _____ end while being replaced at the ____ end.

A

Epiphyseal,

epiphyseal,

diaphyseal

52
Q

What are the epiphyseal plate zones?

A

Zone of reserve, Zone of proliferation, Zone of cell hypertrophy, zone of calcification, zone of ossification (reabsorption)

53
Q

Zone of reserve

A

small, randomly arranged, inactive chondrocytes

54
Q

Zone of proliferation

A

(Interstitial growth)

Region of rapid mitotic divisions, gives rise to rows of isogenous cell groups. Cartilage grows away from advancing bone

55
Q

Zone of cell hypertrophy

A

region where the chondrocytes are enlarged

56
Q

Zone of calcification

A

region where remnants of cartilage matrices become calcified and chondrocytes die

57
Q

Zone of ossification

A

(Reabsorption)

Where bone is made upon the calcified cartilage, followed by reabsorption of the calcified bone-calcified cartilage complex

58
Q

Zone containing small, randomly arranged, inactive chondrocytes

A

Zone of reserve

59
Q

Zone containing region of rapid mitotic divisions that gives rise to rows of isogenous cell groups.

A

Zone of proliferation

60
Q

Region where the chondrocytes are enlarged

A

Zone of cell hypertrophy

61
Q

region where remnants of cartilage matrices become calcified and chondrocytes die

A

zone of calcification

62
Q

Where bone is made upon the calcified cartilage, followed by the reabsorption of the calcified bone-calcified cartilage complex

A

Zone of ossification (reabsorption)

63
Q

Label the regions and determine the direction of growth

A

red: proliferative (zone of proliferation)
green: zone of reserve
blue: hypertrophic
black: Calcified cartilage (zone of ossification)
direction: Upwards

64
Q

In the region of ____, blood vessels penetrate the region and bring in _____ and begin the process of remodeling calcified cartilage into bone.

A

calcified cartilage,

osteoprogenitor cells

65
Q

Periosteal buds penetrate the _____ and erode away the _____

A

epiphysial cartilage,

calcified cartilage

66
Q

Proliferating chondrocytes secrete ____, which stimulates chondrogenic periosteal cells to secrete _____.

A

indian hedgehog protein,

parathyroid hormone related protein

67
Q

_____ secrete indian hedgehog protein, which stimulates ____ to produce parathyroid hormone-related protein

A

Proliferating chondrocytes,

periosteal cells

68
Q

Parathyroid hormone related protein stimulates _______, but also inhibits _____.

A

reserve zone chondrocytes,

proliferative zone chondrocyte hypertrophy

69
Q

Hypertrophic zone chondrocytes secrete _____.

A

type X collagen and VEGF

70
Q

_____ secrete type X collagen and VEGF.

A

Hypertrophic zone chondrocyte

71
Q

Fracture damages ______ and is accompanied by localized ______ and ____.

A

bone matrix, bone cells, and blood vessels,

hemorrhaging and blot clot formation

72
Q

Steps of healing of a fracture

A
  1. Proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells from the periosteum and endosteum surrounding the fracture.
  2. A cellular tissue surrounds the fracture and penetrates between the ends of the damaged bone.
  3. A callus forms both internally and externally at a fracture site.
  4. Fibrous connective tissue and hyaline cartilage are formed in this fracture zone.
  5. Endochondral bone formation replaces the cartilage with primary (woven) bone.
  6. The irregularly arranged trabeculae of primary bone join the ends of the fractured bone, forming a bony callus.
  7. The primary bone is reabsorbed and replaced with secondary (lamellar) bone as the fracture heals
73
Q

Hairline fractures heal via _____ that occurs at the ______.

A

intramembranous bone formation,

periosteal surface

74
Q

Types of joints

A

Diarthroses, synarthroses, amphiarthroses

75
Q

Synarthroses joint

Example

A

immoveable joint, composed of connective tissue, cartilage, or bone

Unite the first rib to the sternum and connect skull bones

76
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

Allow slight movement,

ex. intervertebral disk

77
Q

Diarthroses joint

A

Aka synovial joint, permits maximum movement, unites long bones

Surrounded by a 2-layered capsule, encloses and seals the articular cavity, contains synovial fluid

78
Q

Synovial fluid (composition)

A

colorless, viscous fluid rich in hyaluronic acid and proteins

79
Q

Diarthroses joints have ___ layers. The _____ layer is a fibrous layer of ____. The ______ layer (also known as the ____ membrane), is lined by ___ to ____ cells on the internal surface.

A

2,

external (fibrous) capsular layer,

dense connective tissue,

Internal (synovial) capsular layer,

synovial,

squamous,

cuboidal

80
Q

Type-A cells

A

phagocytic cells that have a well-developed golgi complex and many lysosomes

81
Q

Type-B cells

A

resemble fibroblasts, have a well-developed rER; probably secrete synovial fluid. Nutrients diffuse to hyaline cartilage from synovial fluid

82
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

a hereditary disease that displays abnormal osteoclast function. Bones are brittle and break easily. Most bone is woven bone and not lamellar due to lack of remodeling. Marrow cavity not developed.

83
Q

Albers-Schonberg disease

A

Aka marble bone disease

It is a form of osteopetrosis in which bones are brittle and break easily. There is a lack of remodeling. There is a deficiency in carbonic anhydrase II. Osteoclasts can’t accumulate H+ in Howship’s lacunae to activate acid requiring lysosomal enzymes

84
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of bone mass (primary trabecular)

Postmenopausal osteoporosis mainly has normal rate of resorption, but decreased bone formation

85
Q

Rheumatoid arthrtitis

A

Starts as an inflammatory reaction in synovial tissue

Pathogenesis involves activation of CD4+ T cells (unknown antigen). The T cells produce IL-15 which stimulates synovial macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6) and metalloproteases

Histology - Sarah (8 decks)

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