Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical School Finals > Speciality: Orthopaedics > Flashcards

Speciality: Orthopaedics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Compartment Syndrome

  1. Causes
  2. Presentation
  3. Ix
  4. Rx
A
  1. Complication occurring following ### or reperfusion in vascular patients.
    - Raised pressure within a closed anatomical space.
    - Compromises tissue perfusion - necrosis.
    - ### = supracondylar fractures and tibial shaft.
  2. Pain (worse on movement, even passive).
    - Parasthesiae
    - Pallor
    - Arterial pulsation
    - Paralysis of the muscle group.
  3. Intracompartmental pressure measurement; >20mmHg is abnormal and >40mmHg is diagnostic.
    - Clinical.
    - Increased CK
  4. Prompt and extensive Fasciotomy.
    - Analgesia
    - Aggressive fluid resus due to myoglobinuria –> Renal failure.
    - Debride and amputate necrotic muscle.
    - No anticoagulation - worsens Sx.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Risk factors for DDH

A
  • Female gender
  • Breech
  • FHx
  • Firstborn
  • Oligohydramnios.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

DDH tests

A
  • Barlow and Ortolani at NIPE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Psoas abscess

  1. Causes
  2. Presentation
  3. Ix
  4. Rx
A
  1. Often seen in IVDU.
    - Collection of pus in the psoas muscle.
    - Psoas stretches from T12-L5.
    - Primary origin or secondary infection to pyelonephritis or IBD, UTI.
    - Commonly due to Staph.aureus or strep and related to immunosuppression and IVDU.
  2. Pain
    - Fever
    - Psoas irritation - hip extension.
    - Patients often adopt a lying position w/ slightly flexed knees + hip externally rotated.
  3. Identify infection
    - Septic screen
    - MRI/CT is gold standard.
  4. ABx + drainage
    - Manage RF’s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Management of Hip ## in older adults.

1) Undisplaced intracapsular # w/ no co-morbs.
2) Undisplaced intracapsular # w/ co-morbs
3) Displaced intracapsular # w/ no co-morbs
4) Displaced intracapsular # w/ co-morbs or older.
5) Extracapsular #
6) Extracapsular # subtrochanteric.

A

1) Internal fixation
2) Hemiarthroplasty
3) Internal fixation
4) Total hip replacement
5) Dynamic hip screw
6) Intramedullary device.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nerve most commonly affected in TK replacement

A
  • Common peroneal

- Foot dorsiflexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Knee injury

1) Ruptured anterior cruciate
2) Ruptured posterior cruciate
3) Ruptured medial collateral
4) Meniscal tear
5) Dislocation of patella.

A

1) Sport injury.
- Twisting force w/ bent knee.
- Loud crack, pain and haemarthrosis
- Rx w/ physio and surgery

2) Hyperextension injury
- Paradoxical anterior draw test

3) Leg forced into valgus
- Knee unstable in valgus.

4) Rotational sport injury
- Delayed swelling
- Joint locking
- Pain and effusion following minor subsequent trauma
- Positive McMurray’s test
- worse on straightening

5) Trauma
- XR required skyline view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Back pain red flags

A
  • age <20 or >50yo
  • Hx of malignancy
  • night pain
  • Hx of trauma
  • Systemically unwell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Back pain; Facet joint pain

A
  • Younger pt.
  • Acute or chronic
  • Worse on morning and standing.
  • Pain worse on extension.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Back pain; spinal stenosis

A
  • Gradual onset
  • Unilateral or BL leg pain, numbness, weakness worse on walking.
  • Relieved on sitting, leaning forward or crouching.
  • MRI for Dx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Baker’s cyst.

  1. Causes
  2. Presentation
  3. Ix
  4. Rx
A
  1. Distention of the gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa.
    - Primary = no pathology, kids.
    - Secondary = Hx of OA and seen in adults.
  2. Swelling in popliteal fossa. soft and fluctuant.
  3. Clinical
    - Rule out other pathology if required.
  4. In kids none is required as they resolve
    - Surgical repair and aspiration.
    - Rupture requires elevation and rest.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sarcoma

  1. Causes
  2. Presentation
  3. Ix
  4. Rx
A
  1. Malignant tumours of mesenchymal origin.
    - Bony = osteosarcoma, Ewing’s (femoral diaphysis), chondrosarcoma.
    - Soft tissue = Rhabdomyosarcoma, Leiomyosarcoma.
  2. Mass or swelling
    - Large >5cm soft tissue swelling.
    - Deep tissue location or intramuscular
    - Rapid growth
    - Painful
  3. XR/MRI/CT/USS
    - Biopsy
  4. Surgery
    - Chemo/radio.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

  1. Causes
  2. Presentation
  3. Ix
  4. Rx
A
  1. Idiopathic.
    - median nerve neuropathy
    - Tightness of the flexor retinaculum etc.
    - More common in females
    - Associated w/ RA
  2. Sx at night
    - Pins and needles in fingers
    - Loss of sensation of the palmar aspect of lateral 3 fingers
    - Wasting thenar eminence
  3. Clinical
    - Tinels and Phalens
    - Formal Dx w/ electrophysiological study.
  4. Splinting
    - Surgical decompression of the flexor retinaculum.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

FRAX Screening

A
  • Assess in all women >65 all men >75 and younger people w/ RF’s

1) Age
2) Sex
3) Weight
4) Height
5) Previous #
6) Parent hip #
7) Current smoking
8) Steroids
9) RA
10) Secondary osteoporosis
11) Alcohol >3 unit/day 12)
12) Femoral neck bone density. (optional)

Low risk = reassure + lifestyle advice
Med risk = DEXA
High = Bone protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Adhesive capsulitis

  1. Causes
  2. Presentation
  3. Ix
  4. Rx
A
  1. Frozen shoulder
    - UK
    - Associated w/ DM, MI and lung disease.
  2. Features develop over days
    - External rotation affected more than internal rotation or abduction.
    - Both active and passive movement affected.
    - Painful freezing phase, frozen phase and thawing phase.
    - Often self resolving.
  3. Clinical
    - Shoulder exam
    - Arthroscopy?
  4. Analgesia w/ NSAIDs
    - Physio
    - Steroid injections.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Trigger finger

  1. Causes
  2. Presentation
  3. Ix
  4. Rx
A
  1. Abnormal digit flexion and catching.
    - Associated w/ RA and DM.
  2. More common in thumb, middle or ring finger.
    - Stiffness and snapping.
    - Catching
    - Nodule at base.
  3. Clinical
  4. Steroid injection
    - Finger splinting
    - Surgery in those who don’t respond.
17
Q

Charcot joint

  1. Causes
  2. Presentation
  3. Ix
  4. Rx
A
  1. Neuropathic joint.
    - Badly disrupted and damaged due to lack of sensation.
    - Most commonly seen in diabetics and alcoholics.
  2. Painful but less than expected given deformity level.
    - Joint is swollen, red and warm often w/ intact skin.
    - Insidious onset.
  3. Plain XR can show joint dislocation and disruption and osteolysis.
    - Ix for the neuropathy cause.
  4. Educate
    - Rx underlying condition.
    - Podiatry care
    - Special shoes.
    - Bisphosphonates can help in an acute phase and prevent bone resorption.
    - Surgical fixation.
18
Q

Chondromalacia Patellae

A
  • Teen girls
  • Follows a knee injury; dislocation patella
  • Pain on going downstairs and at rest.
  • Tenderness and quads wasting.
19
Q

Osgood Schlatters disease

A
  • Athletic boys and girls
  • Micro fractures at the point of insertion of the tendon into the tibial tuberosity.
  • Swelling and tenderness over the tibial tuberosity
  • Settles w/ physio and rest.
20
Q

Osteomyelitis

  1. Causes
  2. Presentation
  3. Ix
  4. Rx
A
  1. Bone infection
    - S.aureus.
    - Sickle cell anaemia - salmonella.
    - RF’s - DM, sickle cell, IVDU, alcoholic, HIV
  2. Bone pain
    - Fever
    - Systemic upset
  3. MRI is best.
  4. Flucloxacillin 4 weeks
    - Clindamycin if penicillin allergic.
21
Q

L3 compression

A
  • sensory loss anterior thigh
  • Weak quads
  • Reduced knee reflex
  • Positive femoral stretch test
22
Q

L4 compression

A
  • Sensory loss of the anterior aspect of the knee
  • Weak quads
  • reduced knee reflex
  • postive femoral stretch test
23
Q

L5 compression

A
  • Sensory loss dorsum of the foot.
  • Weakness in foot and big toe dorsiflexion
  • Reflexes preserves
  • Positive sciatic nerve stretch test.
24
Q

S1 compression

A
  • Sensory loss of the posterolateral aspect of the leg and food.
  • Weakness in plantar flexion of the foot
  • Reduced ankle reflex

Medical School Finals (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions