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Biology > Specialised cells > Flashcards

Specialised cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell?

A

To collect water/minerals present in soil and take them up through the roots to the rest of the plant using osmosis.

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2
Q

Describe the structure of a root hair cell.

A
  • Hair forming cell on epidermis of a plant root.
  • Outgrowths at the tip of a plants roots.
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3
Q

How is a root hair cell specialised? (3 points)

A
  • Thin cell wall to make it easier for minerals to pass through.
  • Large surface area to help it absorb water/minerals.
  • Doesn’t carry chloroplasts as they do not carry out photosynthesis.
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4
Q

How is an egg cell specialised? (3 points)

A
  • Cell membrane that only allows one sperm to fertilise it.
  • Large cytoplasm which contains nutrients and mitochondira needed for mitosis.
  • Most of egg cell is made up of padding layers to protect the valuable info in nucleus.
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4
Q

Describe the structure of an egg cell (ovum).

A
  • Haploid nucleus containing half the number of chromosomes than normal cell nucleus.
  • Cytoplasm (yolk or ooplasm) contains nutrients to grow embryo.
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5
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

To fertilise egg, and pass on it’s genetic info.

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6
Q

How is a sperm cell specialised? (4 points)

A
  • Heads are coated in special enzyme that allows the sperm to penetrate unfertilized ova.
  • Abundance of mitochondria to prove power/energy.
  • Lack ribosomes as they have no need to manufacture proteins.
  • Tail of sperm is used as a propeller for sperm to move towards egg.
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6
Q

What is the function of a palisade mesophyll cell?

A

Responsible for photosynthesis.

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6
Q

Describe the structure of a sperm cell.

A
  • Small ovular head which carries genetic info.
    -Flagella.
    -Tadpole shape
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7
Q

Describe the structure of a red blood cell.

A
  • Biconcave disc shape.
  • No nucleus.
  • Flattened discs.
    -Depressed centre.
  • Flexible.
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7
Q

Describe the structure of a palisade mesophyll cell.

A
  • Type of plant cell in mesophyll section of leaf.
  • Usually in top layer of leaf to receive most sunlight.
  • Palisade mesophyll is layer under epidermis.
  • Cylindrical shaped.
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8
Q

How is a palisade mesophyll cell specialised? (5 points)

A
  • Cylindrical shaped to use space more efficiently.
  • Larger vacuole to keep cell rigid and provide structure for leaf.
  • Few mitochondria as they don’t move.
  • Plasma membrane to keep cell rigid/protected.
  • Packed with chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
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9
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell?

A

To deliver oxygen to the bodies tissues via blood flow. They take up oxygen in the lungs and release it into tissues while squeezing through bodies capillaries.

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10
Q

How is a red blood cell specialised? (4 points)

A
  • Biconcave shape so that there is more space for haemoglobin.
    -Cytoplasm with larger amount of haemoglobin.
  • Shape gives larger surface area to pass oxygen through.
  • Cell membrane composed of proteins/lipids for deformability and stability.
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11
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Help defend the body against infection/disease.

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12
Q

What are the 7 different types of white blood cells?

A

Erythrocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, basophil, monocyte, eosinophil, and platelets.

13
Q

Describe monocyte (5 points).

A
  • Fights off bacteria.
  • Biggest type of WBC.
  • Formed in bone marrow and then released into blood/tissues.
  • Have the ability to change into macrophages.
  • Engulfs the foreign body.
14
Q

Describe lymphocytes (4 points).

A
  • Small WBC’s responsible for much of the work in the immune system.
  • Divided into three classes: B cells, T cells and natural killer cells.
  • B cells bind to antigens on pathogens and then produce antibodies which are complimentary in shape and bind to the specific antigen.
  • B and T both form memory cells.
15
Q

Describe eosinophil (5 points).

A
  • Releases toxins that kill bacteria/ parasites.
  • Causes tissue damage.
  • Turn off allergic responses and kill parasites.
  • Multi-lobed nucleus and contains granules.
  • Circulates in blood and migrates to tissues.
16
Q

Describe neutrophil (5 points).

A
  • Engulfs micro-organisms through phagocytosis.
  • Once pathogen inside neutrophil, it forms a phagosome. Lysosomes then move towards the phagosome and release enzymes to digest the pathogen.
  • Multi-lobed nucleus.
  • Cytoplasm contains granules.
  • Migrates from blood to tissue.
17
Q

Described basophil (5 points).

A
  • Releases histamine which promotes inflammation and heparin which prevents clot formation.
  • May be responsible for allergic reactions.
  • Multi-lobed nucleus.
  • Cytoplasm contains granules.
  • Circulates in blood and migrates to tissues.
18
Q

Describe platelets (4 points).

A
  • Clot formation.
  • Repair of injured blood vessels.
  • Defence mechanisms.
  • Aid in healing injured tissue.

Biology (9 decks)

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