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Neuroscience I Exam 2 > Special Senses: Vision and auditory > Flashcards

Special Senses: Vision and auditory Flashcards

1
Q

if the object is far aIf the object is nway, the light ray have _________ far enough that only ______ light rays enter the eye.

A

diverged

parallel

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2
Q

if the object is nearby, the light rays are still ______.

A

diverging

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3
Q

the retina uses ______ to focus the image

A

refraction

rays being deflected is passing obliquely through the interface between one medium and another or through a medium of varying density

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4
Q

Where is the first refraction?

A

cornea
bend the light the most of any structure in the eye and accounts for 2/3 of the ability of the eye to bend light
the amount of bending is fixed

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5
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

adds variable degrees of refraction by flattening or rounding the lens

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6
Q

if the lens becomes rounder, the light ray are refracted _______. If the lens becomes flatten, the light rays are refracted _____.

A

more

less

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7
Q

What is required to adjust the curvature of the lens?

A

Ciliary muscle
suspensory ligaments
lens

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8
Q

What are the Steps to increase the curvature of the lens?

A
  1. Contract the ciliary muscle
  2. allows the suspensory ligaments to go lax
  3. the lens assumes a more rounded shape

used for objects nearby

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9
Q

What are the steps to decrease the curvature of the lens?

A
  1. Relax the ciliary muscle
  2. this causes the suspensory ligament to tighten
  3. the lens is pulled tight, flattening it
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10
Q

Describe how the lens becomes stiffer with age, making near vision more difficult?

A

in young kids, this adds about 20 diopters
in young adults, loss of elasticity results in a total strength of about 10 diopters
by 50’s the loss of elasticity means that the lens may only by about to add 1 diopter

presbyopia

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11
Q

Near vision requires two additional changes, what are they?

A
  1. contraction of the ciliary muscles
    2.convergence of the eyes to the point of focus
  2. constriction of the pupil
    eliminates some of the diverging light rays
    focus better
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12
Q

Far vision requires ______ of the ciliary muscles?

A

relaxation

decreases curvature of the lens decreasing the refractive power of the lens

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13
Q

What is the cells in the retina?

A 
photoreceptor (rods and cones)
bipolar cells 
ganglion cells 
horizontal cells
amacrine cells

photon must past through the layers; distorting the image
horizontal and amacrine cells take care of the stray photons

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14
Q

What cells contribute to the vertical pathway?

A

photoreceptor, bipolar, and ganglion cells

relaying the visual info. to the brain

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15
Q

In the dark the release of glutamate is _____ from rods or cones?

A

high

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16
Q

When a photon activated the photoreceptor the release of glutamate _____ because the light ________ the rods and cones?

A

decreases, hyperpolarizes

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17
Q

What are the two types of bipolar cell?

A

ON-center causing depolarization of the bipolar cell

Off-center: hyperpolarization of the bipolar cell

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18
Q

Describe the photoreceptor activation an ON-center bipolar cell.

A

With light, release of glutamate from the photoreceptor decreases, a metabotropic receptor (on the bipolar cell) is activated and cations are allowed into the cell causing depolarization

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19
Q

Describe the photoreceptor activation of an Off-center bipolar cell.

A

with light, glutamate release from the photoreceptor decreases, the AMPA receptor is not activated and the OFF-center cell is hyperpolarized

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20
Q

The bipolar cell release ______ to excite the ganglion cell.

A

glutamate

ganglion cell axons become the fibers on the optic nerve

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21
Q

The vertical Pathway for RODs.

A

Many rods, converge on one On-center bipolar cell, which then synapses on an A11 amacrine cell, which synapses on a cone On-center bipolar cell, which then activated a ganglion cell

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22
Q

Describe the refining the signal in the retina.

A

On-center cell tells us where something is, Off-center cell tells us where it ends

amacrine and horizontal cells add to that by providing inhibitory signals that modify the activity of neighboring photoreceptors, bipolar cells or ganglion cells

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23
Q

The left temporal retina is activated by light coming from the ________ visual field?

A

right

along with the right nasal retina

24
Q

the right temporal retina is activate by light coming from the ______ visual field?

A

left

along with the left nasal retina

25
Q

Describe reconstructing the visual image?

A

at the optic chiasm, the axons from the nasal retina on each side will cross and join the axons from the temporal retina. this way all the info. from the right visual field is sent to the same part of the brain

right visual field to the left side of the brain

26
Q

Axon from the ganglion cells travel to the _______ ______ ______.

A

lateral geniculate body

on- and off- center cells exist in the LGN as well

27
Q

What are the 4 functions of the lateral geniculate body?

A

control the motion of the eyes
control focusing
identify major elements within our visual image
Identify motion within our visual image

28
Q

How many and what are the function of the layers in the primary visual cortex (V1)?

A

6 layers

layer 1, 2, and 3 allow networking between V1 and other parts of the cortex
layer 4 receives inputs from the LGN
Layer 5 and 6 send info back to the LGN (controls focusing and motion of the eyes)

29
Q

Describe the organization of the primary visual cortex.

A

The 6 layers are arranged in columns.
The columns that starts from the surface of the cortex and extend through all 6 layers of cells
each column does a different jobs ( neighboring columns are related

30
Q

The is the major job of V1?

A

identify the edges and contours of the component in our visual image

31
Q

What is the major job of V2?

A

identify disparities in the visual images presented by the two eyes
depth perception

32
Q

What and where are blobs located?

A

blobs are for color vision
located in V1

they are a collection of neurons that enable color detection (need all three sets of cones)

33
Q

What is the function of V4?

A

to process color inputs (aka color perception)

34
Q

What is the function of area V3A?

A

the identification of motion

35
Q

What is the primary visual cortex not able to do?

A

name the image
copy the image
aim at the object in the image
recognize your husband/wife/mother/father

36
Q

What are the two outflow tract from the primary visual cortex?

A

dorsal pathway: visual info to the motor cortices and enable us to complete motor acts based on visual input.
path seems to arise in V3A

ventral pathway: visual info to sensory input
allows us to use that visual image to accomplish higher order functions, including naming the object and copying the object.

37
Q

What are the function of the outer, middle, and inner ear in relation to hearing?

A

outer: funnel the sound waves into ear
middle: impedance matching-the sound wave has been moving through air, but now we are going to have it move in liquid/water
inner ear: cochlea converts the sound waves to action potentials

38
Q

What is the fluid inside the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani?

A

perilymph

similar to ECF (high Na+, low K+)

39
Q

what is the fluid inside the scala media?

A

endolymph: high in K+ and low in Na+

40
Q

Where do high frequency(short wavelength) sound cause the maximum vibration of the basilar membrane?

A

closest to the oval window

41
Q

Where do low frequency( long wavelength) sound cause the maximum vibration of the basilar membrane?

A

farthest away from the oval window towards the helicotrema

42
Q

Describe the arrangement of hair cells in the organ of corti?

A

inner and outer hair cells

have stereociliar that increase in length (not true cilia) unit longest and true cilium, kinocilium

attached via tip link protein

43
Q

Describe what happens as the basilar membrane moves?

A

the connection between the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane cause the tectorial membrane to move as well, bending the hair cells

bent toward from the kinocilium= depolarization
bent away from the kinocilium= hyperpolarization

44
Q

What ion channel open when hair cells bend toward the kinocilium?

A

K+ channel; depolarization

45
Q

What are the two parallel paths in the cochlear nucleus?

A

ventral path: starts processing of temporal and spectral features of the sound
dorsal path: integrates the acoustic information with somatosensory information for localizing the sound

46
Q

What is the function of the medial superior olive?

A

generates a map of the intraaural time differences (how the sound arrived at the two ears differently)

47
Q

What is the function of the lateral superior olive?

A

generates a map of the intra-aural intensity differences (how the sound arrived at the two ears differently)

48
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculus? and how does the superior colliculus modify it the info.

A

suppresses information related to echoes (they interfere with location) and arrives at a final estimation of the sound location on the horizon

the superior colliculus takes the location data from the inferior colliculus and add vertical height to create the spatial map of the sound’s location

49
Q

Describe the tonotopic representation of the sounds in the primary auditory cortex (A1)

A

more rostral areas are activated by low frequency sounds, while caudal area receive information about high frequency sounds

50
Q

The _____ is best situated to detect linear motion occurring on the horizontal plane?

A

utricle

51
Q

The _____ is best situated to detect linear motion occurring on the veritcal plane?

A

saccule

52
Q

The turning motion is best dected by the ______ (_______) canals?

A

horizontal (aka lateral) canals

53
Q

Falling (or being thrown backwards) maximally activated the _______ _______ canal?

A

posterior semicircular canal

54
Q

Falling (or being thrown forward) maximally activated the _____ _____ canal?

A

anterior semicircular canal

55
Q

In the semicircular canals, the _______ is specialized for movement of hair cells

A

ampulla

56
Q

In the utricle and saccule the otolith organs, the _____ is specialized for movement of the hair cells?

A

macula

57
Q

Describe the vesto-ocular relfexes?

A

anterior semicircular canal=superior rectus m. is activated
posterior semicircular canal=superior oblique m. is activated
horizontal (lateral) semicircular canal=medial rectus m is activated in ipsilateral to rotation)

Neuroscience I Exam 2 (8 decks)

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