Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro Block 3 > Special senses (new) > Flashcards

Special senses (new) Flashcards

1
Q

acoustic neuroma or shwannoma, will result in what?

A

bilateral hearing loss (affects CN 8)

loss of blink reflex (CN 7)

loss of taste in anterior 2/3 of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how are olfactory receptors?

through what structures will the olfactory nerves pass through?

what cells are located in the olfactory bulb? and where do these cells project to? using what tract?

A

unmyelinated and bipolar

the cribriform plate

mitral cells which project to the primary olfactory cortex and the amygdala via the olfactory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the primary olfactory cortex will project to what other structure?

A

the mediodorsal thalamus

the orbitofrontal cortex

hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the amygdala will send axons to what structure?

A

the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

identify

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do olfactory supporting cells do?

what do basal cells of the olfactory system do?

what is another name for the olfactory gland?

what does the olfactory gland do?

A
  • nourish or provide support
  • undergo cell division to produce new olfactory receptors.
  • bowman’s gland
  • secretes mucus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

in what structure do the axons from the olfactory neurons synapse with the mitral cell dendrites?

what olfactory structure helps in identifying odor more accurately?

A

glomerulus

mitral cells by inhibiting other mitral cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why does the olfactory mucus contain antibodies?

how often does the mucus gets replaces?

A

because the olfactory nerves are 1st order and are a direct access to the brain

every 10 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mitral cells cross over via what structure?

what do they inhibit?

A

anterior commissure

contralateral olfactory bulb mitral cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what other structures does the anterior commissure connect?

A

the amygdalas, the neospinothalamic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are olfactory and gustatory receptors?

A

Olfactory/gustatory receptors are chemoreceptors

that are sensitive to chemicals that dissolve in liquids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does smell actually work?

A

substances that you ‘smell’ need to dissolve in the olfactory mucosa in order for the receptors to actually identify.

They interact with the olfactory receptors; binding

to specific receptors depolarizes the olfactory

neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why does smell for objects goes away quickly?

A

because the olfactory receptors desensitize quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why would someone experience Olfactory hallucinations?

A

lesions or herniation of the parahippocampal uncus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is Foster Kennedy Syndrome?

what symptoms are seen?

A

Meningioma of the olfactory groove that compresses the olfactory tract and optic nerve

  1. ipsilateral anosmia
  2. optic atrophy
  3. contralateral papilledema.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is synesthesia?

A

condition wherein a stimuli for one sense is

perceived as another sense

(smell words)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is Anosmia?

what is hypo or hyper-osmia?

what is dysosmia?

what is parosmia?

what is phantosmia?

A
  • Loss of sensation of smell.
  • Diminished/enhanced sensation.
  • Distorted sensation.
  • Things smell worse than they should (occurs sometimes during upper respiratory infections).
  • Smelling something when there are no odors present (could be psychiatric i.e. schizophrenia,but also occurs with seizures and migraines).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is Olfactory Reference Syndrome (ORS):?

A

A persistent, false belief that one is emitting body

odors that are foul, and offensive to others.

The behavior of others is easily and often

misperceived (i.e. someone sniffs, or opens a

window, and the ORS person assumes it’s

because of them).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where are taste receptors located?

what are taste receptors?

what are the 3 components of taste buds?

A

in taste buds

modified epithelial cells

  1. Gustatory receptor cells (10 day shelf life)
  2. Supporting cells, which become gustatory cells
  3. Basal cells, which produce supporting cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the gustatory pathway?

A
  • Gustatory cells synapse with 1st order neurons

at the base of the taste bud.

  • information from the
  • Nodose ganglion (CN X)
  • Petrosal ganglion (CN IX)
  • Geniculate ganglion (CN VII)

Central process of 1st order neuron goes to solitary

nucleus in brainstem, which then projects to VPM

of the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, gustatory

cortex and hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do you call the pathway from the nucleus solitarius to the thalamus?

A

central tegmental pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is Ageusia?

what is Hypogeusia?

what is Hypergeusia?

what is Dysgeusia?

what is Parageusia?

A
  • Loss of sense of taste
  • Diminished sensation
  • Enhanced sensation
  • Distorted sensation
  • Persistent abnormal taste
23
Q

what’s that relationship between Taste and Smell?

A

About 70-75% of your sense of ‘taste’ actually

comes from odorant molecules

tongue provides information on sweet, sour,

etc., but the smells of food provide most of your

perception.

**having a cold = stuffy nose = major decrease in taste sensation.

24
Q

what is the function of The Organ of Corti?

A

Sound becomes converted into neural transmission

25
Q

Where does sound information change in intensity/amplitude (ie. loudness) and changes in frequency coded?

A

basilar membrane

26
Q

where is the basilar membrane stiffer?

where is it wider and flexible?

A
  • at the base of the cochlea
  • wider and more flexible towards the helicotrema.
27
Q

high frequency sounds will vibrate where?

low frequency sounds will vibrate where?

A

High frequency sounds vibrate the narrow portion

low frequency vibrates the wider portion

28
Q

Humans can perceive sounds between what two frequencies?

The optimal range for humans is between what frequencies?

Speech sounds are generally between what frequencies?

A

20 and 20 000 Hz

500 and 5000 Hz

100 and 3000 Hz

29
Q

what is the auditory pathway?

A
  1. Hair cells in organs of Corti synapse with bipolar cells of the spiral ganglion. These project centrally (as the cochlear nerve) to the ipsilateral cochlear nuclei.
  2. The dorsal cochlear axons decussate and ascend contralaterally in the lateral lemniscus to the inferior colliculus and ascend to the medial geniculate body. This is the ‘fast acting’ pathway (i.e. reacting quickly to a loud noise).
  3. Axons from the ventral cochlear nucleus project to the ipsilateral superior olivary complex. Fibers from there project bilaterally to the inferior colliculi (crossing in the trapezoid body), and from there ascend to the MGN as the lateral lemniscus. This is really the ‘hearing pathway’.
  4. Medial geniculate projects to ipsilateral primary auditory cortex (41, 42).
30
Q

the vestibular apparatus is composed of 3 parts…

What is the vestibular apparatus used for?

A
  1. saccule
  2. utricle
  3. semicircular ducts.

vestibular apparatus is two kinds of balance:

  • Static (maintenance of head position relative to gravity).
  • Dynamic (maintenance of head position in response to movements).
31
Q

identify

A
32
Q

what structure is used for static equilibrium?

how does it work?

A

the maculae inside the saccule and utricule

Hair cells in the maculae respond to tilting of the head as well as linear acceleration/deceleration

33
Q

what structures are used for dynamic equilibrium for rotational acceleration?

how does it work?

A

the semicircular ducts with the ampulla and the cupula

  • the hair cells in the semicircular ducts extendo the to the ampulla, on top of the ampulla is a jelly-like substance called cupula
  • head turns Endolymph fluid flows against and over the cupula, bending the hair cells and sending signals into the CNS.
34
Q

what is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

Vestibular system keeps the eyes on target when

the head moves quickly, so you need the MLF and vestibular part of CN8

It’s adjusting eye position relative to head movement.

35
Q

Example of the vestibulo-ocular reflex..

The head turns to the left; this results in activation of the horizontal semicircular canals.

A

Via the MLF, the left horizontal canal activates ipsilateral CN III and contralateral CN VI, and the eyes move in the opposite direction.

36
Q

Eye movements can be of 2 ways?

A
  1. smooth (continual)
    * eyes following the poll as it goes by.
  2. saccadic (jumping)
    * eyes quickly jump to next poll in a road trip
37
Q

what is pathological nystagmus?

A

If the eyes are showing movements when they aren’t

tracking anything, this is bad and indicates brainstem

or cerebellar damage.

38
Q

what is pendular nystagmus?

What is Jerk nystagmus?

A
  • Eyes move equally in each direction.
  • Fast movement in one direction followed by slow return movement.
39
Q

what is the doll’s eye maneuver?

A

Tilt a comatose patient’s head in one direction; if eyes move in opposite direction, brainstem is

intact.

If the eyes move with the head movement,

indicates brainstem damage.

40
Q

what is the Caloric Test:?

A

Cool or warm water into the ear canal; in normal persons, cool will result in nystagmus towards the opposite side, warm will result in nystagmus towards same side.

Use: COWS

Cool = Opposite

Warm = Same

41
Q

How does auditory information ascends in the CNS?

unilateral CNS lesions do not result in what type of hearing loss?

A

bilaterally

unilateral

42
Q

why would you have Unilateral hearing loss?

how do you know you have unilateral hearing loss?

A

almost always comes from damage/problems with outer, middle, inner ear, or CN VIII before reaching the cochlear nuclei.

difficulties in localizing sounds.

43
Q

what is Conduction Deafness:?

what can cause it?

A

Interruption of the passage of sound waves through the outer and middle ear.

  1. Accumulation of cerumen (wax buildup).
  2. Otosclerosis: fixation of the stapes.
  3. Otitis media
44
Q

what are the two types of otitis media?

which is the most common cause of meningitis?

A
  1. Acute otitis media: an inflammation of the middle ear, often accompanied/preceded by viral infection. Incidence declines with age.
  2. Otitis externa: Swimmer’s ear.

acute otitis media Is the most common cause of meningitis.

45
Q

what is Sensorineural Deafness?

what leads to this?

A

Disease of the cochlea, cochlear nerve, or central auditory connections.

  1. Presbycusis
  2. Acoustic Neuroma
  3. Meniere’s Disease
  4. Hyperacusis
46
Q

what is Presbycusis?

A

deterioration of the organ of Corti occurring with aging

47
Q

What is the most common form of hearing loss?

A

Presbycusis

48
Q

what is Meniere’s Disease?

what symptoms will you see?

what can it result in?

A

Increased endolymph fluid pressure which enlarges the cochlear duct.

Results in episodes of fluctuating hearing loss

(distortions of the basilar membrane), tinnitus,

and recurrent vertigo lasting 30 mins - 24 hrs

can result in total loss

of hearing over a period of years

49
Q

what is Hyperacusis?

the condition is most commonly caused by what?

A

Paralysis of the stapedius muscle, or damage to CN VII, results in hyperacusis, where loud noises are not dampened.

by exposure to loud noises/environments

50
Q

how do you know a patient has conductive hearing loss with Weber’s test?

how do you know a patient has sensorineural hearing loss with Weber’s test?

A

place tuning fork in forehead and patient will hear it louder in one side of the ear

patient will hear the sound louder in the unaffected ear.

51
Q

how do you know a patient has conductive hearing loss using Rinne’s test?

how do you know a patient has sensorineural hearing loss using Rinne’s test?

A

Conductive: BC better than AC.

Sensorineural: Both AC and BC are depreciated.

52
Q

what is Tinnitus?

A

‘ringing in the ears’ is the sensation of hearing ringing, buzzing, hissing, chirping, whistling, or other sounds. The noise can be intermittent or continuous, and varies in loudness

53
Q

what is misphonia?

A

“Hatred of Sound”: A strong negative emotional

response triggered by specific sounds. Often

accompanied by a flight response.

54
Q

why do ear infections occur?

A

The mucous membranes of the auditory tube are

continuous with the mucosa of the middle ear.

this allows for bacteria in throat/nose to travel

to the middle ear.

Neuro Block 3 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions