Cortex Lesion and Diseases

Question 1

what is Balint’s syndromes?

what happens here?

Answer 1

oculomotor disorder due to bilateral lesions of the parietal and occipital lobes.

can’t execute voluntary movements in response to visual stimuli.

- Individual has normal visual fields and acuity, but will focus on only one object at a time

Question 2

What are the symptoms of Balint’s syndrome?

Answer 2

• Optic ataxia: can’t move the hand towards an object by visual guidance
• Optic apraxia: can’t voluntarily control one’s gaze; dont have the saccadic jump
• Simultagnosia: can’t recognize more than 1 object at a time

Question 3

What is another name for Phineas Gage?

what are its symptoms?

Answer 3

frontal lobe syndrome

symptoms:

1. Personality changes: can’t behave normally socially
2. Deficits in strategic planning
3. Perseveration
4. ‘primitive’ reflexes are seen again (suckling, babinski, moro)
5. Abulia: no motivation to do voluntary actions
6. Sphincteric incontinence

Question 4

in what other disease can phineas gage be seen?

Answer 4

alzheimer’s

Question 5

into what 2 regions can we divide the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 5

1) orbitofrontal: inferior surface of frontal lobe
2) dorsolateral: middle and superior forntal gyri

Question 6

identify the regions of the frontal lobe?

Answer 6

Question 7

what does the orbitofrontal region of prefrontal cortex contain or do?

what does the dorsolateral region of prefrontal cortex contain or do?

Answer 7

it has limbic connections for social behavior

it works with concentration, planning, judgement, problem solving

Question 8

what will be seen when there is primary motor cortex damage?

Answer 8

• Contralateral paralysis,
• hyperreflexia,
• Babinski

Question 9

what is the pre-motor cortex involved in?

what happens when there is pre-motor cortex damage?

Answer 9

planning movement by integrating sensory and motor information

will result in apraxia

Question 10

damage to supplementary motor area will result in what?

Answer 10

alien hand syndrome

Question 11

what happens if there is damage to brodmanns area 17 unilateral only?

Answer 11

unilateral damage = hemianopia with macular sparing

Question 12

what happens if there is damage to brodmann’s areas 18, 19?

Answer 12

possible visual hallucinations

Question 13

how do you get Gerstmann’s syndrome?

what are the symptoms of Gerstmann’s syndrome?

Answer 13

damage to brodmann areas 39 and 40 in the dominant hemisphere

symptoms:

• contralateral hemi or quadrantinopia
• right-left confusion (dont know which is which)
• finger agnosia
• agraphia
• dyscalculia

Question 14

in what lobe do we find brodmann’s 41/42?

what is brodmann’s 41/42?

what happens if there is unilateral damage to brodmann 41/42?

what happens if there is bilateral damage to brodmann 41/42?

Answer 14

temporal

primary auditory

little hearing loss

bilateral = cortical deafness

Question 15

what happens if you have Meyer’s loop damage?

what if you damage Primary olfactory cortex (34)?

Answer 15

you get contralateral upper quandrantinopia

you get ipsilateral anosmia

Question 16

what do you get if both hemispheres are damaged?

Answer 16

Prosopagnosia

Auditory agnosia

Neglect

Question 17

what do you get if non-dominant hemisphere is damaged?

Answer 17

Dysprosody

Anosognosia

Constructional apraxia

Dressing apraxia

Question 18

what do you get if the dominant hemisphere is damaged?

Answer 18

Apraxia

Aphasia

Gerstmann’s syndrome

Agraphia

Question 19

what is this?

Answer 19

fibrillary tangles

Question 20

what is this?

Answer 20

Neuritic plaques: Dendrites degenerate to form ‘stacks’ of dendrites.

Question 21

what is Alzheimer’s?

what is characteristic of it?

Answer 21

Age related degeneration of cerebral cortex

• there is degeneration of ACh neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert

Characterized by:

• Loss of ACh neurons in nucleus basalis.
• Beta-amyloid plaque accumulation.
• Neurofibrillary tangles.

Question 22

what is Binswanger’s subcortical leukoencephalopathy?

what does it result in?

what can cause it?

symptoms seen?

Answer 22

Age related ischemic damage to white matter

results in an Alzheimer’s like dementia

hypertension

Progressive dementia, rigidity and gait problems.

Question 23

what are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 23

decision making, learning, reasoning and correct social behavior