Special Senses, Chapter 17 Flashcards
The central nervous system (CNS) interprets smell on the basis of the particular pattern of __________.
cortical arrangement
neuronal replacement
receptor activity
sensory impressions
Receptor Activity
The ability to distinguish among 2000–4000 olfactory stimuli is called __________.
central adaptation
neuronal replacement
olfactory sensitivity
olfactory discrimination
Olfactory Discrimination
Even though acuity varies widely, human olfactory organs can discriminate among many smells based on the __________.
olfactory sensitivity
nature of the odorant
type of receptor cells
number of receptors
Nature of the odorant
While eating kung pao chicken, Rachel bites into a small, innocent-looking red pepper. Her eyes begin to water, and she reaches for her water glass. This message of “peppery hot” food has traveled to her central nervous system (CNS) via which cranial nerve?
facial (VII)
vagus (X)
trigeminal (V)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
Trigeminal V
What is the function of the canal of Schlemm?
to serve as a passageway for the optic nerve
to stabilize the shape of the eye and support the retina
to supply oxygen to the retina
to return aqueous humor to the body’s circulation by passage into veins of the sclera
to return aqueous humor to the body’s circulation by passage into veins of the sclera
After synapsing in the thalamus, gustatory information is projected to the appropriate portion of the __________.
medial lemniscus
cranial nerves VII, IX, and X
medulla
primary sensory cortex
Primary sensory cortex
Gustatory reception begins when dissolved chemicals contact taste hairs on the __________.
filiform papillae
circumvallate papillae
gustatory cells
basal cells
Gustatory cells
A 10-year-old girl is experimenting with makeup. On which of the following structures does she apply her metallic pink eye shadow?
lacrimal caruncle
superior palpebrae
conjunctiva
medial canthus
Superior palpebrae
At 1:00 p.m., Emma is carefully studying an image of the eye in her A&P textbook. When she focuses directly on the image, it falls on what part of her retina?
fovea
ora serrata
optic disk
optic nerve
Fovea
*Remember that this is where cones are clustered.
A lipid-rich product that helps to keep the eyelids from sticking together is produced by the __________.
gland of Zeis
tarsal gland
conjunctiva
lacrimal gland
Tarsal Gland
*Remember that these are modified sebaceous glands.
The fibrous tunic, the outermost layer covering the eye, consists of the __________.
lacrimal sac and orbital fat
pupil and ciliary body
sclera and cornea
iris and choroid
Sclera and the cornea
What is the primary function of the lens of the eye?
to integrate visual information for the retina
to focus the visual image on retinal receptors
to biochemically interact with the photoreceptors of the retina
to absorb light after it passes through the retina
to focus the visual image on retinal receptors
*Remember that this enables a clear image to be projected on the photoreceptor area.
While Andy is mowing the lawn, a rock strikes him in his right eye, damaging his eye and causing infection and degeneration in his right optic tract. Which part of his brain can NO LONGER receive visual information?
Left visual cortex
When photons stimulate either rods alone or all three types of cones, the eye perceives __________.
either “red” or “blue” light
“black” objects
all the colors of the visible light spectrum
“white” light
“White” light
*Remember that this is the result of mixing all the primary colors together.
Axons converge on the optic disc, penetrate the wall of the eye, and proceed toward the __________.
cerebral cortex area of the parietal lobes
retinal processing areas below the choroid coat
diencephalon through the optic nerve (II)
retina at the posterior part of the eye
diencephalon through the optic nerve (II)
The sensation of vision arises from the integration of information arriving at the __________.
reflex centers in the brain stem
visual cortex of the cerebrum
lateral geniculate nucleus of the left side
lateral geniculate nucleus of the right side
Visual cortex of the cerebrum
What is the dividing line between the external ear and the middle ear?
Tympanic Membrane
Which of the auditory ossicles directly attaches to the tympanic membrane?
Malleus
The structure in the cochlea of the inner ear that provides information to the central nervous system (CNS) is the __________.
basilar membrane
organ of Corti
scala tympani
tectorial membrane
Organ of corgi
*Remember that this structure includes hair cells.
The receptors that provide the sensation of hearing are located in the __________
cochlea
ampulla
tympanic membrane
vestibule
Cochlea
What is the name given to the collection of calcium carbonate crystals whose movement over hair cells triggers impulses to the brain concerning body position?
kinocilia
otoliths
saccules
ampullae
Otoliths
*Remember the suffix that means “stone.”
Ascending auditory sensations synapse in the thalamus and then are delivered by projection fibers to the __________.
auditory cortex of the occipital lobe
auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
auditory cortex of the frontal lobe
auditory cortex of the parietal lobe
Auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
Olfactory secretions that absorb water and form thick, pigmented mucus are produced by __________.
olfactory glands
olfactory bulbs
basal cells
salivary glands
Olfactory glands
*Remember that these are modified epithelial cells.
During the olfaction process, the first synapse occurs at the __________.
olfactory epithelium
initial receptor site
olfactory cortex of the cerebral hemisphere
olfactory bulbs of the cerebrum
Olfactory bulbs at the cerebrum
One of the few examples of neuronal replacement in adult humans is the turnover in which of the following populations?
optic receptor population
gustatory receptor population
vestibuloreceptor population
olfactory receptor population
Olfactory receptor population
*Remember that this sensory channel bypasses the thalamus.
Which tongue papillae provide friction to move objects around in the mouth but do NOT contain taste buds?
fungiform papilla
circumvallate papillae
filiform papillae
None of the listed responses is correct.
Filiform Papillae
*Remember that these papillae are distributed in the anterior region of the tongue.
Drugstores often carry reading glasses of various strengths for older people who can no longer read materials that are close to them. What type of accommodation problem are these glasses meant to solve?
myopia
glaucoma
presbyopia
emmetropia
Presbyopia
*Remember that this is a form of hyperopia.
What is the ultimate higher-order olfactory destination?
the thalamus
the medulla oblongata
the olfactory cortex
the hypothalamus
The olfactory cortex
*Remember that this destination is in a specialized region in the outer layer of the cerebrum.
The factor that quickly reduces your sensitivity to a new taste is _________
neurotransmitter release
receptor stimulation threshold
central adaptation
exposure to different papillae
Central adaptation
*Remember that inhibition at intervening synapses can prevent a sensation from reaching the sensory cortex.
A taste receptor sensitive to dissolved chemicals but insensitive to pressure illustrates the concept of __________.
phasic reception
receptor potential
transduction
receptor specificity
Receptor specificity
During the focusing process, what happens when light travels from the air into the relatively dense cornea?
Pupillary reflexes are triggered.
The sclera assumes an obvious color.
The light path is bent.
Reflexive adjustments occur in both pupils
The light path is bent
*Remember there is a change of media going from air into tissue.
Exposure to bright light produces a __________.
very slow reflexive decrease in pupillary diameter
slow reflexive increase in pupillary diameter
rapid reflexive decrease in pupillary diameter
rapid reflexive increase in pupillary diameter
rapid reflexive decrease in pupillary diameter
*Remember that this is designed to protect the retina from damage.
What determines the color of the eye?
the thickness of the iris and the number and distribution of pigment cells
light reflecting through the cornea onto the retina
the reflection of light from the aqueous humor
the number and distribution of pigment cells in the lens
the thickness of the iris and the number and distribution of pigment cells
In rating visual acuity, a person whose vision is rated 20/15 is better than normal because this person can __________.
read letters at 15 feet that are discernible by the normal eye only at 20 feet from the chart
read letters at 15 or 20 feet that normal individuals cannot read at all
read letters without the aid of a lens at 35 feet from the chart
read letters at 20 feet that are discernible by the normal eye only at 15 feet from the chart
Read letters at 20 feet that are discernible by the normal eye only at 15 feet from the chart
Which of the following is NOT a part of the brain used in the auditory pathway?
primary motor cortex
inferior colliculus
medial geniculate nucleus
auditory cortex
Primary motor cortex
*Remember that this is a sensory pathway.
What role does vitamin A play in the eye?
The visual pigment retinal is synthesized from vitamin A.
The protein part of rhodopsin is synthesized from vitamin A.
It acts as coenzyme for the activation of transducin.
It activates opsin for rhodopsin-based photoreception.
The visual pigment retinal is synthesized from vitamin A.
There is an old saying, “All cats are gray at dusk.” Which of the following statements explains this saying?
At dusk, only rods are stimulated, and because they detect black and white, the resulting image is of a gray cat.
At dusk, only cones are stimulated, and they are equally stimulated. The combination of all the cone colors is gray.
Rods and cones are stimulated equally, but the brain does not know how to process this confusing information, so the resulting color is gray.
Neither rods nor cones are stimulated.
At dusk, only rods are stimulated, and because they detect black and white, the resulting image is of a gray cat.
*Remember which photoreceptors are the most sensitive to light.
When one or more classes of cones are nonfunctional, the result is __________.
image inversion
color blindness
the appearance of “ghost” images
creation of a blind spot
Color Blindness
The most detailed information about the visual image is provided by the __________.
optic disc
rods
rods and cones
cones
cones
*Remember that these photoreceptors need more light than is needed for just detection.
The region of the retina called the “blind spot” is an area that structurally comprises the __________.
optic disc
visual cortex
choroid coat
suprachiasmatic nucleus
Optic Disk
The partial crossover that occurs at the optic chiasm ensures that the visual cortex receives __________.
a composite picture of the entire visual field
an image that is inverted
an image that is reversed before reaching the cortex
different images from the right and left eyes
A composite picture of the entire visual field
The waxy material that slows the growth of microorganisms in the external acoustic canal and reduces the chances of infection is __________.
phenylthiourea
gustducin
cerumen
umami
Cerumen
As a result of taking gentamicin for an infection, Colin’s hair cells in the cochlea became damaged. What type of deafness might he experience?
nerve deafness
an inherited form of deafness
conductive deafness
None of the listed responses is correct.
Nerve deafness
*Remember that this type of deafness is not due to a blockage in the external or middle ear.
In the ear, information about the direction and strength of mechanical stimuli is provided by the __________.
endolymph
vestibular ganglia
auditory ossicles
hair cells
Hair cells
*Remember that these cells have cilia.
The receptors in the inner ear that provide sensations of gravity and linear acceleration are in the __________.
saccule and utricle
otolith and statoconia
semicircular and cochlear ducts
ampulla and cupula
Saccule and Utricle
*Remember that these are parts of the vestibule.
Information about the region and intensity of stimulation is related to the CNS over the cochlear branch of cranial nerve __________.
IV
VII
VIII
X
VIII
*Remember that this cranial nerve is the pathway for both hearing and equilibrium.
The energy content of a sound determines its intensity, which is measured in
__________
Decibels
Which of the following is not classified as a special sense?
- Touch
- Olfaction
- Gustation
- Vision
Touch
*Remember that this sense is not exclusive to the head region.
What is the ultimate destination or destinations for interpreting the sense of smell?
- Limbic system
- Olfactory Cortex
- Hypothalamus
- All of the above.
- Limbic system
- Olfactory Cortex
- Hypothalamus
*Remember that this is a specialized region in the outer layer of the cerebrum.
Which of the following could cause the formation of cataracts?
- Injury
- Aging
- Adverse reaction to drugs
- All of the above.
- Injury
- Aging
- Adverse reaction to drugs
*Remember that these include different types of tissue insult.
