Chapter 14, Brain & Cranial Nerves Flashcards
What major region of the brain is responsible for conscious thought processes, sensations, intellectual functions, memory, and complex motor patterns?
the medulla
the cerebellum
the pons
the cerebrum
the cerebrum
The cerebrum of the adult brain ultimately forms from the __________.
diencephalon
myelencephalon
telencephalon
mesencephalon
telencephalon
Remember that this is formed from the prosencephalon.
The slender canal that connects the third ventricle with the fourth ventricle is the __________.
septum pellucidum
diencephalic chamber
aqueduct of midbrain
foramen of Monro
aqueduct of midbrain
Remember that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows through this structure.
Which of the following provides mechanical protection for the brain by cradling the brain?
the bones of the skull
the dura mater
the cranial meninges
the cerebrospinal fluid
the bones of the skull
Remember that these form a hard case that surrounds the brain.
Which of the following structures do(es) NOT provide protection and shock absorption for the brain?
the cerebrospinal fluid
the bones of the cranium
the carotid arteries and jugular veins
the cranial meninges
the carotid arteries and jugular veins
These structures carry fluid under high and low pressures.
Which of the following statements about the choroid plexus is correct?
It can be found in the third ventricle, lateral ventricles, and fourth ventricle.
It consists of specialized ependymal cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Its product, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), has a composition distinctly different from that of blood.
All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Monitoring of the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and removal of waste products from the CSF occur in the __________.
choroid plexus
subarachnoid space
lateral and medial apertures
superior sagittal sinus
choroid plexus
Remember that these structures are within ventricles.
Why might damage to the pons be sufficient to cause death?
The pons contains white fibers that enable the cerebral hemispheres to communicate with each other.
The pons controls the production of hormones that regulate pituitary gland cells.
The pons contains the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers.
All of the listed responses are correct
The pons contains the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers.
Remember that this area is involved with maintaining vital functions.
The cardiovascular centers and the respiratory rhythmicity centers are located in the __________.
cerebellum
medulla oblongata
spinal cord
pons
medulla oblongata
In the medulla oblongata, the relay stations along sensory or motor pathways consist of the __________.
vasomotor and rhythmicity centers
nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus
arbor vitae and cerebellar peduncles
cerebral peduncles and red nuclei
nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus
The pons links the cerebellum with the __________.
cerebrum
brain stem
spinal cord
brain stem, cerebrum, and spinal cord
brain stem, cerebrum, and spinal cord
Remember that there are multiple links.
Excess cerebrospinal fluid is returned to the venous circulation by __________.
active transport across the choroid plexus
diffusion through the lateral and medial apertures
passage through the subarachnoid space
diffusion across the arachnoid villi
diffusion across the arachnoid villi
Remember that this area has a large surface area.
Coordination and refinement of learned movement patterns at the subconscious level are performed by the __________.
association fibers
cerebellum
hypothalamus
pons
cerebellum
The corpora quadrigemina of the mesencephalon are responsible for processing __________.
complex coordinated movements
sensations of taste and smell
visual and auditory sensations
balance and equilibrium
visual and auditory sensations
Remember that these are special senses that are routed through the thalamus.
The epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus are anatomical structures of the __________.
cerebellum
metencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
diencephalon
Remember that the third ventricle is derived from this structure.
Relay and processing centers for sensory information are found in the __________.
thalamus
pineal gland
epithalamus
hypothalamus
thalamus
Remember that this is the “inner editor” for the cerebral sensory cortex.
The sea horse–like structure in the limbic system responsible for storage and retrieval of new long-term memories is the __________.
corpus callosum
cingulate gyrus
amygdaloid body
hippocampus
hippocampus
The functions of the limbic system serve to identify its role as a __________.
minineural system
complex task-performing system
subendocrine system
motivational system
motivational system
This function impacts the emotional states.
Assume that as you are taking this practice exam, you are concentrating and giving it your full attention. If you were connected to an EEG at this moment, what type of brain waves would it record?
alpha waves
beta waves
gamma waves
delta waves
beta waves
The masses of gray matter that lie within each cerebral hemisphere deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle are the __________.
pyramidal cells
commissural fibers
gyri and sulci
basal nuclei
basal nuclei
Remember that these masses are embedded in the white matter of the cerebrum.
The neurons in the primary sensory cortex receive somatic sensory information from __________.
commissural fibers in the white matter
touch, pressure, pain, taste, and temperature receptors
receptors in muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs
visual and auditory receptors in the eyes and ears
touch, pressure, pain, taste, and temperature receptors
Remember that many of these are general sensory receptors.
The somatic motor association area is responsible for the __________.
assimilation of neural responses to tactile stimulation
coordination of all reflex activity throughout the body
ability to hear, see, and smell
coordination of learned motor responses
coordination of learned motor responses
Remember that many of the signals processed here take time to develop.
Which of the following facial nerves do(es) NOT supply the tongue?
hypoglossal nerves (XII) glossopharyngeal nerves (IX) trigeminal nerves (V) vagus nerve (X)
vagus nerve (X)
Pyramidal cells are cortical neurons that __________.
link the cerebral cortex to the brain stem
permit communication between the cerebral hemispheres
monitor and interpret sensory information
direct voluntary movements
direct voluntary movements
A loud noise produces a tympanic reflex that results in __________.
increased olfactory activity
unstable eye movements
unusual head movements
reduced movement of auditory ossicles
reduced movement of auditory ossicles
The versatility of the brain to respond to stimuli is greater than that of the spinal cord because of __________.
the location of the brain in the cranial vault
the size of the brain and the number of myelinated neurons
the number of neurons and complex interconnections between the neurons
the fast-paced processing centers located in the brain
the number of neurons and complex interconnections between the neurons
Remember that networks increase complexity.
The mesencephalon, or midbrain, processes __________.
visual and auditory information and generates involuntary motor responses
sensory information from the cerebellum to the cerebrum
voluntary motor activities and sensory information
emotions, sensations, memory, and visceral motor control
visual and auditory information and generates involuntary motor responses
Remember that some of this activity involves nonvolitional responses.
An individual with a damaged visual association area __________.
is red-green color blind and experiences glaucoma
can see letters clearly but cannot recognize or interpret them
cannot read, because he or she is blind
is incapable of receiving somatic sensory information
can see letters clearly but cannot recognize or interpret them
Remember that association is a higher order process relative to visual reception.
The three major groups of axons that comprise the central white matter are __________.
association, commissural, and projection fibers
unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar
reticular, caudate, and arcuate fibers
motor, sensory, and interneurons
association, commissural, and projection fibers
Remember that these fibers are wrapped in myelin.
Which of the following statements about the basal nuclei is FALSE?
They include the caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen.
They provide general pattern and rhythm for established movements.
They adjust muscle tone in the appendicular skeleton to set body position during movement.
They initiate skeletal movements, such as walking and stopping.
They initiate skeletal movements, such as walking and stopping.
David hears a strange noise at his back door late one night. It sounds as though someone is trying to break into his home. He automatically goes into a fight-or-flight response. What part of the limbic system helps control the flight-or-flight response?
amygdaloid body
hippocampus
mamillary bodies
fornix
amygdaloid body
Remember that this area is involved with processing reactions to fear.
The mamillary bodies in the floor of the hypothalamus contain motor nuclei that control the reflex movements involved with __________.
touch, pressure, and pain
chewing, licking, and swallowing
eye movements and auditory responses
taste and temperature responses
chewing, licking, and swallowing
Remember that these activities help mechanically process food.
Hypothalamic or thalamic stimulation that depresses reticular formation activity in the brain stem results in __________.
heightened alertness and a generalized excitement
emotions of fear, rage, and pain
sexual arousal and pleasure
generalized lethargy or actual sleep
generalized lethargy or actual sleep
Remember that the reticular formation helps maintain consciousness.
The pineal gland, an endocrine structure that secretes the hormone melatonin, is found in the __________.
thalamus
epithalamus
brain stem
hypothalamus
epithalamus
The pulvinar nuclei of the thalamus integrate __________.
sensory information for projection to the association areas of the cerebral cortex
sensory data concerning touch, pressure, and pain
visual information from the eyes and auditory signals from the ears
sensory information for relay to the frontal lobes
sensory information for projection to the association areas of the cerebral cortex
The part(s) of the diencephalon responsible for coordination of activities of the central nervous system and the endocrine system is (are) the __________.
epithalamus
hypothalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus
hypothalamus
Remember that this region also regulates circadian rhythms.
The hypothalamus produces and secretes the hormones __________.
adrenalin and growth hormone
ADH and oxytocin
estrogen and testosterone
prolactin and FSH
ADH and oxytocin
Remember that one of the hormones restricts water loss and the other stimulates smooth muscle contractions
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus __________.
releases hormones that control endocrine cells of the pituitary gland
controls feeding reflexes (licking and swallowing)
secretes oxytocin
regulates body temperature
secretes oxytocin
The nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surfaces of the mesencephalon are the __________.
corpora quadrigemina
inferior and superior colliculi
substantia nigra
cerebral peduncles
cerebral peduncles
The effortless serve of a tennis player is a result of establishing __________.
cerebellar motor patterns
motor patterns in the pons
cerebral motor responses
sensory patterns within the medulla
cerebellar motor patterns
Which of the following statements about a subdural hemorrhage is true?
A break in a vein may cause blood to flow to the meningeal layer of the dura mater and down to the arachnoid layer.
An arterial break leads to blood’s being forced between the dura mater and the cranium.
The mortality rate for untreated cases is 100 percent.
None of the listed responses is correct.
A break in a vein may cause blood to flow to the meningeal layer of the dura mater and down to the arachnoid layer.
Remember a subdural hemorrhage involves low blood pressure distortions in underlying tissue.
The centers in the pons that modify the activity of the respiratory rhythmicity center in the medulla oblongata are the __________.
ascending and descending tracts
nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus
apneustic and pneumotaxic centers
vasomotor and cardiac centers
apneustic and pneumotaxic centers
A buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the cranial cavity can lead to __________.
“water on the brain,” or hydrocephaly
enlargement of the cranium in infants
compression of brain tissue and impairment of neural function
all of the listed outcomes
all of the listed outcomes
Remember all the possible outcomes of increased fluid pressure in the cranial cavity.
Fresh blood, with oxygen and nutrients, reaches the brain through the __________.
subclavian veins
internal carotid and vertebral arteries
axillary artery
internal jugular veins and dural sinuses
internal carotid and vertebral arteries
Neural tissue in the central nervous system (CNS) is isolated from the general circulation by the __________.
falx cerebri
corpus striatum
anterior commissures
blood–brain barrier
blood–brain barrier
Remember that this is formed by extensive tight junctions between endothelial cells.
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reaches the subarachnoid space via __________.
three holes in the fourth ventricle
the choroid plexus
the superior sagittal sinus
the subdural sinuses
three holes in the fourth ventricle
Remember that this is in a hollow space that contains CSF.
The blood–brain barrier remains intact throughout the CNS, EXCEPT in __________.
the pons and the medulla
the thalamus and the mesencephalon
portions of the cerebrum and the cerebellum
portions of the hypothalamus and the choroid plexus
portions of the hypothalamus and the choroid plexus
Remember that this involves a region that connects to the pituitary gland.
The central white matter of the cerebrum is found __________.
in the cerebral cortex and in the cerebral nuclei
in the superficial layer of the neural cortex
in the deep cerebral nuclei and in the neural cortex
beneath the neural cortex and around the cerebral nuclei
beneath the neural cortex and around the cerebral nuclei
This area is inferior to the regions that create higher-order cognition.
Visual information has been processed in Jennifer’s right visual association area, and impulses are then sent to her right prefrontal cortex to be used in decision making. Which type of white fiber carries the information to her prefrontal cortex?
arcuate fibers
longitudinal fasciculi
corpus callosum fibers
anterior commissure fibers
longitudinal fasciculi
Remember that these fibers run posterior to anterior in direction.
What is the effect on the right eye when a bright light is shown into the left eye?
The vestibulo-ocular reflex will occur.
The consensual light reflex will occur.
The direct light reflex will occur.
None of the listed responses is correct.
The consensual light reflex will occur.
Remember that this causes a signal to travel along the oculomotor nerve.
