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Medicine 1.2 > Special Senses Anatomy > Flashcards

Special Senses Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What cranial nerves are involved in the special senses?

A
  • Vision 2
  • Taste 7,9
  • Hearing 8
  • Smell 1
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2
Q

What is the sclera, where is it and what does it do?

A
  • White of the eye, fibrous and elastic tissue, outer layer of eye.
  • Allows for contrast of eye to determine where person is looking.
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3
Q

What is the pupil, where is it and what does it do?

A

Coloured part of the eye

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4
Q

What is the iris, where is it and what does it do?

A
  • Smooth muscle structure which controls the diameter of the pupil via 2 muscles.
  • The pupil will become wider in dark and smaller in more light conditions.
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5
Q

What 2 musles of iris control pupil diameter?

A
  • Sphincter papillae

- Dilator papillae

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6
Q

What can the size and symmetry of pupils show?

A

Underlying sign of disease or injury

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7
Q

What is the corneas clinical use?

A

-Avascular so most common structure for use in transplant (as its less likely to reject tissue).

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8
Q

What is the vitreous chamber, where is it and what does it do?

A
  • Contains vitreous humour, a gel which occupies the space between the lens anteroirly and retina posteriorly.
  • It mainly contains phagocytes to remove cell debris, is mainly water with no blood vessels.
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9
Q

What is the retina, where is it and what does it do?

A

-Light sensitive layer of tissue of eye and where the rods and cones are for black and white and colour vision repectively.

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10
Q

What is the optic nerve, where is it and what does it do?

A

-Takes impulses posteriorly towards the optic chiasm, radiation and then to the occipital lobe.

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11
Q

What is the eye and what does it do?

A

-Organ of sight, detects light and colour and converts that into impulses that nerves will understand and allow for transmission to brain for processing and interpretation.

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12
Q

What primarily makes up the eye?

A

Water and electrolytes

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13
Q

What is made in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye and what does it do?

A
  • Aqueos humor

- Maintains pressure inside the eye, provides nutrients to got o eye and protect it.

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14
Q

What is keratoconus?

A

Thinning of cornea resulting in coning shape and can cause blurring and double vision of eyes.
Surgery may have to be done in more severe cases of a corneal transplant.

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15
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Yellowing of eye, specifically the sclera and can indicate blood disorders of liver pathologies.

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16
Q

What can be used to see the optic nerve?

A

-Opthalmoscope and performing fundoscopy

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17
Q

What clincal defect can occur on the optic nerve?

A

-Any pressure increases intracranially will be transmitted along the nerve and causes bulging of the optic disc.
This is called papilloedema and requires investigation as to the cause.

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18
Q

Where are tears produced?

A

Lacrimal gland

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19
Q

What are the functions of tears?

A
  • Lubricate movement
  • Remove debris therefore it is washed across eye medially
  • Therefore drains into nose
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20
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct do?

A

Takes tears from lacrimal gland to the nasal cavity, specifically opening under the inferior nasal meatus.
This is the reason when someone cries there nose runs.

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21
Q

What bones are around the eye?

A

Frontal, palatine, ethmoid, sphenoid, lacrimal, maxilla, zygomatic

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22
Q

What sinuses are around the eye?

A

Orbital
Nasal
Oral

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23
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses and their function?

A
  • Maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid
  • Reduce weight of skull, especially anteriorly
  • Allow circulation of mucous
  • Contribute to resonance of sounds
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24
Q

Where do the orbits point?

A

Laterally and superiorly

25
Q

What corrects eyeball position?

A

Extra-ocular muscles must correct eyeball position to look straight ahead.
Controlled by CN III, IV, VI

26
Q

What are the extraocular muscles responsible for?

A

Responsible for movement of the eye (recti and obliques) and keeping the upper eyelid open (levator palpebrae superiorisis)

27
Q

What are the 7 extra ocular muscles?

A
  • Superior rectus
  • Inferior rectus
  • Medial rectus
  • Lateral rectus
  • Superior oblique
  • Inferior oblique
  • Levator palpebrae superiosis
28
Q

What are the roles of the superior and inferior rectus?

A
  • Superior; elevation of eyeball (also adduction of eyeball and medial rotation)
  • Inferior; depression of eyeball (adduction and lateral rotation)
29
Q

What are the roles of the medial and lateral rectus?

A
  • Medial; adducts eyeball

- Lateral; abducts eyeball

30
Q

What are the roles of the superior and inferior oblique?

A
  • Superior; depression of eyeball, abduction and medial rotation
  • Inferior; elevation, abduction and lateral rotation of the eyeball
31
Q

What is a way to remeber what nerves are used in the extra ocular muscles?

A
  • Lateral rectus 6
  • Superior oblique 4
  • All others 3
32
Q

What is done by the nose and why is it good at this?

A

-Incoming air must be: warmed, humidified, filtered
-This is done best in the nose because:
It has a rich superficial blood supply
Mucous provides moisture
Mucous and hairs trap particles

33
Q

How does olfaction work?

A
  • Olfactory nerve CN I
  • Converts chemical info to electrical info
  • At superior surface of nasal cavity
  • Is a defence mechanism
34
Q

What happens at the nasal conchae?

A
  • Increases surface area

- Increase chance of olfactory exposure

35
Q

What is the tongue and what is it responsible for?

A
  • Boneless muscle, comprised of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
  • Responsible for movement of food for chewing, swallowing, speech and also taste from the tongue’s upper surface
36
Q

What are the 2 parts of the tongue?

A
  • Oral part anteriorly

- Pharyngeal part towards the back

37
Q

What is the role of the sublingual gland?

A

Mucous secreting salivary gland

38
Q

What happens at the buccal surface?

A

-A side of mouth where the surface is towards the cheeks as a surface of the teeth.

39
Q

What happens at the lingual surface?

A

Surface that faces the tongue as a surface of teeth.

40
Q

What forms the floor of the mouth?

A

Mylohoid muscle and the overlying stratified squamous epithelium.
Is a U shaped structure which tongue sits on.

41
Q

What is the role of the fungiform papillae?

A

-Mushroom like on front 2/3rds of tongue

42
Q

What is the role of the foliate papillae?

A

Leaf like and vertical ridges on the side of the tongue.

43
Q

What is the role of the filiform papillae?

A

Threadlike and severe as coating mechanism which creates a rough and abrasive texture which helps in speaking, chewing and cleaning the oral cavity.

44
Q

What is the role of the vallate papillae?

A

Only about a dozen and certain minor salivary glands and some taste buds.

45
Q

What is the role of the foramen caecum?

A

Primitive tract where the thyroglossal duct was and represents where the thyroid gland was in embryological development.

46
Q

What is the role of the epiglottis?

A

Elastic cartilage which helps close over the trachea during swallowing

47
Q

What is the role of the chorda tympani?

A

Branch of facial nerve which carries taste fibres from the front 2/3rds of the tongue and runs through the middle ear.
It joins the lingual nerve from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.

48
Q

What is the role of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Carries sensory info from the front 2/3rds of the tongue and several other area, including the lower 1/3rd of the face.
Lingual nerve is specifically the nerve which carries these sensory fibres from anterior 2/3rds of the tongue.

49
Q

What is the role of the lingual nerve?

A
  • Carries axons from CN’s (V3 AND VII)

- Taste and general sensation from anterior 2/3rds

50
Q

What is the role of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

-Taste and general sensation from posterior 1/3rd.

51
Q

What is the role of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

-Motor control of most tongue muscles.

52
Q

What are the ear ossicles?

A
  • Transmit vibrations through middle ear

- 3 bones: malleus, incus, stapes

53
Q

What are some structures in the lateral wall of middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane

54
Q

What are some structures in the medial wall of middle ear?

A
  • Vetibular window (oval)
  • Opening into the vestibule of inner ear
  • Closed by base of stapes
  • Cochlear window (round)
  • Opening into the cochlear of middle ear.
55
Q

What are some structures in the inner ear?

A
  • Cochlea
  • Semicircular canals
  • Eustachian tube
  • Mastoid process
  • Styloid process
56
Q

What is the role of the cochlear?

A
  • Sound amplification
  • Conversion from vibration to electrical signal
  • Signal transmitted via cochlear part of CNVIII.
57
Q

What is the role of the semicircular canals?

A
  • Balance

- Vestibular part of CNVIII

58
Q

What is a clinical defect of the ear?

A

Otitis media; can be acute or can be with effusion.

Medicine 1.2 (22 decks)

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