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Medicine 1.2 > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the opening and ending of the alimentary canal?

A

Mouth is opening

Anal canal is termination

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2
Q

What are the 2 roles of the digestive system?

A
  • Digestion; to process food

- Absorption; transfer of nutrients to circulation

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3
Q

What 2 groups of organs can we say we have in the digestive system?

A
  • Digestive tract

- Accessory organs

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4
Q

What are some of the accessory organs in the digestive system?

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Gall bladder
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
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5
Q

What is the function of salivary glands?

A

Secrete either watery secretion (serous) or thicker secretion (mucous) or a mixed seromucinous.
This saliva helps buffer mouth pH, protects surface of the mouth and gut, has antimicrobial actions, maintains tooth structure, aids in taste and to a lower extent digestion.

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6
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

Helps store and concentrate bile which is produced in the liver and helps with fat digestion.

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7
Q

Chronologically, what organs are present in the GI tract?

A
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Anal canal
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8
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A
  • Responsible partly for food to pass through as well as air

- Directs food to esophagus

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9
Q

Anatomically where is the pharynx located?

A

Muscular tube from base of skull to oesophagus (approx C6)

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10
Q

What 3 parts can the pharynx be split into and where are they?

A
  • Nasopharynx; base of skull to soft palate
  • Oropharynx; soft palate (uvula) to epiglottis (elastic cartilage)
  • Laryngopharynx; epiglottis to splitting into trachea and oesophagus
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11
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

Helps move food down into the stomach by peristalisis

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12
Q

Where is the oesophagus located?

A

Extends from pharynx and reaches down to stomach.

Passes behind heart and trachea.

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13
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the mucosa of the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous (non-keratinising) epithelium

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14
Q

What types of muscle are present in the oesophagus?

A

Upper 1/3 = skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3 = skeletal and smooth
Lower 1/3 = smooth

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15
Q

What is the stomach and the function of the stomach?

A

A hollow muscular organ responsible for breakdown of what is ingested, by enzymes and HCl.
It secretes acid and enzymes that will start digestion, progressing from little amount of starch digestion from salivary amylase.
Chyme moves through sphincter into small intestine.

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16
Q

Anatomically, where is the stomach located?

A

Left hypochondrium/epigastric region

  • Anterior/superior: -lower ribs/diaphragm, -liver
  • Posterior/inferior: -diaphragm, spleen, left kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas
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17
Q

What are rugae of stomach?

A

Folds of organ which can be seen with naked eye.

Help increase SA and allow for folding of organ.

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18
Q

What 3 layers of muscle in the stomach help to make chyme?

A
  • Inner circular
  • Outer longitudinal
  • Innermost oblique
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19
Q

What special cells may be found in the stomach?

A
  • Endocrine cells; In mucosa, produce gastrin to stimulate parietal cells to produce HCl to break down pepsinogen to pepsin (helps in digestion) produced from chief cells.
  • Mucous and surface mucous cells; protect mucosa.
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20
Q

What are some feature that can be seen on the stomach?

A
  • Oesophagus at top
  • Fundus; where air collects
  • Cardia; area next door to heart
  • Greater and lesser curvatures
  • body
  • Pylorus;end of stomach
  • Pyloric sphincter; control secretions into duodenum
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21
Q

What 3 parts does the small intestine comprise?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejenum
  • Ileum
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22
Q

What happens as you move from duodenum to ileum?

A

Move from more digestion to more absorption.

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23
Q

How does the duodenum help in digestion?

A

Bile and pancreas secretions found here
Bile (from sphincter of oddi) helps with fat digestion
Pancreas secretion help with fat, protein, starch and other carbohydrate digestion.
The pancreas also secretes bicarbonate rich fluids to maintain alkaline pH. Secretions through brunners gland.

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24
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Primary site for digestion and absorption.

25
Q

What type of epithelium is present in small intestine?

A

Simple columnar

26
Q

What surface specialisation does the small intesine have?

A

-Villi to help increase SA and aid digestion and absorption. Increase SA by about 30 times.

27
Q

What are plicae?

A

Folds of naked eye in duodenum

28
Q

What is serosa made of?

A

2 layers of mesothelium

29
Q

What are the purposes of the pancreas?

A

-Hormonal (endocrine)
Have hormones for maintenace of blood glucose
Have islets of langerhans

-Digestive (exocrine)
99% of pancreas
Produces many digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions

30
Q

What are the roles of insulin, somastosin and glucagon?

A

Insulin – promotes glucose absorption from blood into liver, skeletal muscle and fat cells. This enables the conversion to glycogen - i.e. storage of glucose in this form.
Glucagon – this does the opposite and results in the conversion of the stored glycogen into glucose for release into the bloodstream when levels are low.

Somatostatin – this helps to reduce acid secretion and helps to slow down the digestive process, although it has a variety of other functions in the body.

31
Q

Anatomically, where is the liver located?

A

Right hypochondrium extending to epigastric region then to left hypochondrium.

32
Q

What are some of the functions of the liver?

A
  • Produces bile
  • Detoxifies and processes everything absorbed from GI tract
  • Regulates glucose in blood
  • Synthesises proteins such as clotting factors
33
Q

What supplies the liver blood?

A

It recieves a dual supply

  • Hepatic portal vein from the gut and spleen and related organs (75%)
  • Hepatic artery (25%) provides oxygenated blood for liver
34
Q

What does the common hepatic duct come from?

A

Left and right hepatic ducts which carry bile to the gall bladder.

35
Q

What do intrahepatic ducts unite to form?

A

Left and right extrahepatic ducts which link to common hepatic duct.

36
Q

What is the layout of the abdomen like?

A

-9 regions separated by 2 vertical and 2 horizontal lines

37
Q

What are the superior 3 abdomen regions and what do they contain?

A
  1. Right hypochondrium; liver
  2. Epigastric; duodenum, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, stomach
  3. Left hypochondrium; spleen and stomach
38
Q

What are the middle 3 abdomen regions and what do they contain?

A
  1. Right lumbar; ascending colon, right kidney
  2. Umbilical; stomach, head of pancreas, doudenum, transverse colon, lower aspects of right and left kidneys
  3. Left lumbar; descending colon, left kidney
39
Q

What are inferior 3 abdomen regions and what do they contain?

A
  1. Right iliac fossa; caecum, appendix, part of ascending colon
  2. Suprapubic; bladder, uterus, parts of small intestine
  3. Left iliac fossa; sigmoid colon, descending colon
40
Q

What are the inner to outer layers of the GI tract histology?

A
  • Mucosa (consists of epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae)
  • Submoucosa
  • Muscularis Propria
  • Adventitia
41
Q

Describe the lamina propria of the mucosa?

A

Thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath epithelium.
Contains inflammatory cells and provides support to the overlying epithelium.

42
Q

Describe the Muscularis Mucosa of the mucosa?

A

Composed of smooth muscle and is continous all the way through the entire length of the GI tract.

43
Q

Describe the submucosa?

A

Composed of dense irregular connective tissue and conatians many blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels.

44
Q

Describe the muscularis propria?

A

Comprised of inner circular muscle and outer longitudinal muscle.
This is smooth muscle and is responsible for peristaliss.

45
Q

Describe the adventitia/serosa?

A

Outer layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding an organ. In gut this would be at oral cavity, upper end of oesophagus, in the chest or thorax and ascending and descending colon and rectum.

A serosa would be that part of the tissue that is fixed, rest of GI tract.
It allows for reduction of friction.

46
Q

What parts can the colon be split into?

A
  • Caecum
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
47
Q

Describe the caecums position and role?

A

-Most proximal part of colon, located between ileum and ascending colon.
Lies inferiorly to ileocecal junction and can be palpated if enlarged due to faces, inflammation or malignancy.
Superiorly the caecum is continous with the ascending colon. But caecum is intraperitoneal.

-Acts as chyme resevoir which it recieves from ileum

48
Q

What is between ceacum and ileum and its role?

A

Ileocaecal valve; prevents reflux of large bowel contents into ileum during peristalisis and is though to function passively.

49
Q

Describe the ascending colon?

A

Colon begins here, a retroperitoneal structure which ascends superiorly from the caecum.

50
Q

Describe the transverse colon?

A

Extends from right colic flexure to spleen.
is least fixed part of colon and is variable in position.
It is intraperitoneal

51
Q

Describe the descending colon?

A

Then colon moves inferiorly to pelvis.

Is retroperitoneal in majority and is located anteriorly to left kidney.

52
Q

Describe sigmoid colon?

A

When colon begins to turn medially.

In lower left quadrant, extends from left iliac fossa to level of S3 vertebra.

53
Q

What and where are the flexures of the colon?

A
  • Hepatic flexure; marks start of transverse colon. Occurs when it meets right lobe of liver, it tuns 90 degrees to move horizontally.
  • Splenic flexure; where it turns 90 degrees t point inferiorly
54
Q

What are some other features present in the colon?

A
  • Taenia coli; 3 longitudinal bands of smoot hmuscle on outside of ascending, transverse and descending colon.
  • Haustra; circumferential contraction of inner muscle layer of colon
  • Appendice epiploicae; pouches of peritoneum filled with fat, mainly in the transverse and sigmoid colon, though not the rectum.
  • Goblet cells; produce mucous as role of colon is to absorb fluid from GI tract.
55
Q

What is the blood supply of the GI tract like?

A
  • 3 main vessels (all arising from abdominal aorta)
  • Coeliac trunk (foregut)
  • Superior mesenteric artery (midgut)
  • Inferior mesenteric artery (hindgut)
56
Q

What does the foregut supply consist of?

A

Lower portion of oespohagus, stomach, liver, spleen. and 1st 1/2 of duodenum

57
Q

What does midgut supply consist of?

A

Last 1/2 of duodenum, jejenum, ileum, caecum, appendix, ascending colon and 1st 1/2 to 2/3 of transverse clolon.

58
Q

What does hindgut supply consist of?

A

last 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum.

59
Q

What carries out venous drainage of GI tract?

A
  • Portal venous drainage; unpaired abdominal organs ie. gut and spleen
  • Femoral veins; lower limb
  • Internal iliac veins; drain the plevis
  • Renal veins; drain the kidneys
  • Hepatic veins; main vein draining the liver

Medicine 1.2 (22 decks)

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