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Medicine 1.2 > Cardiovascular and Respiratory System Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Respiratory System Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

Organ system transporting O2, CO2, nutrients etc.

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2
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood
  • Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
  • Lymphatic system
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3
Q

What are the 2 circulatory loops?

A
  • Pulmonary circulation (lungs)

- Systemic circulation (rest of body)

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4
Q

What is the function of pulmonary circulation loop?

A
  • Oxygen depleted blood
  • Passes from heart to lungs
  • Returns oxygenated blood to heart
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5
Q

What is function of systemic circulation loop?

A
  • Oxygen rich blood
  • Passes from heart to rest of body
  • Returns oxygenated blood to heart
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6
Q

How is the mediastinum set up?

A
  • Superior mediastinum (contains thymus, aortic arch, pulmonary vessels) : upper and lower portion
  • Inferior mediastinum: -anterior -middle -posterior
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7
Q

Anatomically where are the upper and lower portions of the superior mediastinum located?

A
  • Upper portion; T1 posteriorly – superior aspect of menubrium
  • Lower portion; sternal angle – landmark for 2nd ribs
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8
Q

What does each part of the inferior mediastinum contain?

A
  • Anterior = fat and thymus
  • Middle = heart
  • Posterior = aorta and oesophagus
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9
Q

What is the structure of the heart walls?

A

-Trabeculae on the inside
-Further out is endocardium, then myocardium, then fatty connective tissue, then pericardium and pericardial space.
Pericardium has 2 layers

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10
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pericardium and their role or divsions?

A
  • Fibrous; tough outer layer which anchors heart to diaphragm. It prevents rapid over filling of the heart but can also restrict if there is an accumulation of fluid (pericardial effusion) compressing the heart, especially its right side and reducing cardiac output.
  • Serous; has 2 layers; outer visceral layer and inner parietal layer
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11
Q

What does the pericardial space do?

A

Has small amount of lubricating serous fluid which reduces function of layers during heart beats.

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12
Q

What is the roles of the superior vena cava?

A

Deoxygenated blood from head and neck and upper limbs.

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13
Q

What is the roles of the inferior vena cava?

A

Deoxygneted bloood from below level of heart eg. abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs.

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14
Q

What is the roles of the pulmonary trunk?

A

Transports blood to pulmonary arteries (L/R) and on to lungs.

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15
Q

What structures come off the aorta?

A
  • Coronary arteries
  • Brachiocephalic trunk -right common carotid artery (head and neck)
  • Left common carotid artery (head and neck)
  • Left subclavian artery (upper limb)
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16
Q

How does blood circulate in a foetus?

A

From placenta, oxygentaed blood passes to umbilical vein. Vein passes upwards to babies liver, liver would use all blood if it could but is stopped by the ductus venosus and foramen ovale. Allows blood to flow into the systemic circulation of the foetus.

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17
Q

What is the roles of the Ductus venosus?

A

Allows blood to bypass liver (30% of maternal blood) to inferior vena cava. At birth, this closes and becomes ligamentum venosum.

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18
Q

What is the roles of the foramen ovale?

A

Allow blood to flow from right atrium straight to left atrium (as lungs dont work in foetus).

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19
Q

What is the roles of the ductus arteriosum?

A

If blood passes to the right ventricle, rather than going to non-functioning and breathing lungs, in the utera, the ductus arteriosum links the pulmonary trunk with aorta.

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20
Q

What is the roles of the fossa ovalis (RA)?

A

Embryological remnant of the patent fossa ovalis in foetal life. That used to allow blood to flow between left and right atrium.

21
Q

What is the roles of the aortic sinuses (RA)?

A

Dilatations just above the aortic valve. There are 3 of these and from 2 arise the left and right coronary arteries.

22
Q

What is the roles of the coronory sinuses (orifice) (RA)?

A

Where the venous blood from the heart enters

23
Q

What is the roles of the right atrial appendage (RA)?

A

Additional part of the right atrium, typically used as sight for an external pacemaker.

24
Q

What is the roles of the crista terminalis (RA)?

A

At the opening of the right atrial appendage and is the site of origin of the pectinate muscles.

25
Q

What is the roles of the pulmonary veins(RA)?

A

2 on left and 2 on right carrying oxygenated blood to left atrium.

26
Q

Why is there are difference in size between the right and left ventricle?

A

Left ventricle is approx 3x thicker than right as it has to pump blood into the systemic circulation.
The right is smaller and less powerful as it pumps blood to lungs only.

27
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves of the heart?

A

-Tricuspid (3 leaflets) (atrioventricular) - right
-Mitral (2 leaflets) (atrioventricular) - left
Atrioventricular valves are posterior and the aortic and pulmonary valves are more anterior,

28
Q

What is the role of the cordae tendinae?

A

Are heart strings that connect to the papillary muscle and prevent the mitral and tricuspid valves flipping back into the atria during ventricular systole.

29
Q

What type of valves are aortic and pulmonary valve?

A

Semilunar valves

30
Q

What is the septum?

A

Structure between left and right chambers.

31
Q

What are some clinical defects of heart chambers?

A

-Atrial septal defects
-Ventricular septal defects
Present at birth. Small holes sometimes close themselves, and larger ones will compromise the lungs and heart due to increased blood pressure.

-Atrioventricular septal defect
Require surgery as it will compromise the patient, leading to problems breathing, racing heart, week pulse and cyanosed (blue) and tiring easily.

32
Q

What supplies heart blood?

A

Coronory arteries (these are afected during heart attack)

33
Q

What is the main vein that drains the heart and other veins also?

A
  • Coronary sinus (All veins below drain into this as it is main drain of heart)
  • Small cardiac veins
  • Middle cardiac veins
  • Anterior cardiac veins
  • Great cardiac veins
34
Q

What type of arteries are coronary arteries?

A

They are end arteries (only supply oxygenated blood to a specific portion of tissue, these vessels exit at spleen (splenic artery), liver, intestines, ends of digits, ears, nose and penis

35
Q

What is a clinical defect of coronary arteries?

A

Damage can result in ischaemia causing collateral circulation to develop. This is new blood vessel growth to pass around the area of reduced blood supply.

36
Q

What molecules are involved in hearts conducting system?

A
  • SA node = pacemaker of heart
  • Moderator bond = allows for more rapid conduction across to the anterior papillary muscle and helps with conduction times.
  • Purkinje fibres
37
Q

What is the function of resp. tract?

A
  • conduction of air (warms and humidifies)
  • Respiration (gas exchange)
  • Protection against pathogens (mucous)
38
Q

What are the parts of the resp. tract?

A
  • Upper tract = nasal cavity, pharynx

- Lower tract = trachea, primary bronchi, lungs

39
Q

What makes up the pharynx and what are their anatomical positions?

A
  • Nasopharynx = base of skull to soft palate
  • Oropharynx = soft palate (uvula) to epiglottis (elastic cartilage)
  • Laryngopharynx = epiglottis to oesophagus and trachea
40
Q

What is bronchi like in the lower resp tract?

A

Superior and inferior lobe bronchus in both left and right lungs and in the right lung there is also a middle lobe brochus.

41
Q

What is the difference between right and left bronchus?

A

Right is vertical, greater diameter and shorter than left main bronchus.
Foreign bodies are more likely to go to right bronchus.

42
Q

How many lobes are in each of the lungs?

A
  • Left = 2

- Right = 3

43
Q

What is the lobes in the right lung and how are they separated?

A

-Superior
-Inferior
-Middle
Superior and middle love separated by horizontal fissure
-Oblique fissure separates superior and inferior lobes

44
Q

What are the parts of the lung?

A
  • Apex at top
  • Hilum; contains bronchus, pulmonary artery and vein
  • Posterior border
  • Base of lung (joins to diaphragm)
  • Hilum held together by pulmonary ligament
45
Q

What is percussion and auscultation and what must you be careful of when doing these?

A
  • Percussion is tapping to see if dull or resonant
  • Auscultation is listening in
  • Be careful of the scapula posteriorly and the heart anteriorly, more on left.
46
Q

What type of epithelium is resp. epithelium?

A

Ciliated columnar cells with gobles cells
In lobular bronchioles = cuboidal
Terminal bronchioles = has ciliated and non ciliated cells
Around alveolus only 2 types of cell; type 1 and 2 pneumocyes

47
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Secrete mucous

48
Q

What is surfactant?

A

secreted by type 2 pneumocytes and increases lung compliance and prevents collapse, or atelectasis, of the lungs at then end of expiration.

49
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the aorta?

A

Tunica intima, media and adventitia.

Medicine 1.2 (22 decks)

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